Moving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moving - Essay Example This is a direct result of a few physical, passionate, budgetary and mental requirements the youngster isn't set up to be troubled with. An adolescent at such a young age has not developed to oblige certain jobs that go with pregnancy and parenthood. A moderate home driven by strict fundamentalism can be a hot spot for a young lady who has gotten pregnant or who is a mother. For an individual who is 17 years old, or even lower, and is either expecting or has conveyed, the experience can be overpowering. This is an issue at home, and it is regularly disregarded and much of the time ignored, yet influences countless homes. This paper investigates the impacts of issue of young pregnancy and high school parenthood. Young pregnant young ladies have high odds of creating clinical difficulties, more than pregnant grown-ups. Pregnancy at such age is by and large against cultural standards and as such the casualties regularly escape parental view and they don't visit suitable clinical offices to look for pre-birth and postnatal consideration. The subsequent result is a young pregnant young lady or adolescent mother who needs fundamental supplements and nutrients. Besides, sickliness, a condition related with low degrees of blood in the body may turn into a typical element. The high school pregnant young lady or the mother is as yet a kid is still during the time spent development other sincerely and genuinely, and henceforth can be influenced by the physical and mental injury related with any of the procedures. The experience is entrusting and compelling, especially on the off chance that one is in a domain where they are misjudged (Booth, the American fiction author, 177). There are sure substantial segments that don't accomplish full physical development until one arrives at particular age. For example in young ladies, the pelvic bones don't accomplish their most extreme size till around 18. For a high school young lady who is pregnant, the conveyance procedure must be confounded as the pelvic bones have not developed to permit

Flaws with utilitarianism Essay Example For Students

Defects with utilitarianism Essay Among the most glaring issues that I see with Utilitarianism is its incorporation of creatures under the umbrella that covers this hypothesis. It appears to be certain that there exists an over the top number of situations where the result that is against the wellbeing of a creature is great for people, yet that directing activity is one that has been ceaselessly taken and approved by the overall population. This is a crucial test, as the Utilitarian way of thinking orders that the delight and torment experienced by all people, including creatures, has equivalent worth and must be viewed as while deciding the net advantage of an activities results. The most extreme and predominant of models that one could give to show this logical inconsistency would be the act of utilizing creatures to give food. It can't be contended that it is to the greatest advantage of a cow, a chicken, or another creature to be butchered to serve the dietary needs of humanity. In like manner, Utilitarian thinking proposes, contrary to the instinct of mankind, that it is ethically impermissible to execute the creatures. While an Utilitarian thinker may give the counter-contention that such is normal request of the world that there exist a progressive food tree. Further they would demand that more noteworthy's benefit is that people be sustained and accommodated by the meat, for our pleasure is better in quality than that of the monster. This thinking, in any case, is defective in two different ways. At first, the strategy by which meat discovers its approach to markets for our buy and inevitable utilization isn't one administered by the methods of nature, yet rather is one built for proficiency by people. Creatures are bread persuasively, at that point supported with explicit expectation of overseeing fat substance, meat flavor, and fitness, every one of which limits the Utilitarian case that nature makes our savage strategies morally passable. Besides, and maybe more in a general sense, such a case is in direct logical inconsistency to the Utilitarian fundamental that every individual has equivalent worth paying little mind to character or height. Since people could be adequately fed without the murdering of creatures, it can't be contended that the result of making passing a creature is identical or less generous than that of taking care of a man. Then again, there exist similarly the same number of difficulties to raise had the ethicist taken the other position that creatures have equivalent worth and as needs be that their pleasure is impermissibly encroached upon when they are slaughtered for human intrigue. Contentions could be introduced for a flock of activities taken every day by society in general. One may address the way that utilizing creature testing for the progression of medication has benefits that exceed the agonies. Thus, while the improvement of land successfully slaughters the already creature occupants, it is an acknowledged outcome that society has shown it is eager to dismiss. In every one of these cases, most of society approves such conduct, as confirm by their reality as regular open practice. While it is irrefutable that restriction to every conduct exists, the size of this opposition is far exceeded by those in finding the drawn out advantages deserving of the negative outcomes. At long last, it devel ops evident that while it might be important to think about the interests of creatures while ascertaining the net advantage of a given activity, neither their pleasure nor their agony ought to be likened to our own. Such a standard has been presented through the moral psychological study The Dilemma of the Swine. Resultantly, human presence comprises higher joy that does that of a creature and we are frequently better served by making such a qualification through instinctive investigation instead of applying Hedonistic Calculus. The way that Utilitarianism can be constrained into logical inconsistencies paying little heed to the position they pick makes the consideration of creatures under their moral umbrella a critical issue.

Brief Interventions Effective for Drinking Problems

Brief Interventions Effective for Drinking Problems Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Print Brief Interventions Effective for Some Drinking Problems By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on June 24, 2019 Brief Interventions Helpful for Some Drinkers. © Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery For people who do not have a serious drinking problem, but sometimes drink alcohol at dangerous or abusive levels, brief interventions can be an effective way to get them to moderate their alcohol consumption and eliminate harmful drinking patterns. The same brief intervention strategies, however, do not appear to be effective for those with more serious alcohol use disorders. What Is Brief Intervention? Brief interventions are short, one-on-one counseling sessions that are aimed at encouraging the person to eliminate harmful drinking practices like binge drinking. Unlike traditional alcoholism treatment, which can take weeks and even months, brief interventions are typically one to four short sessions. In most cases, the person is provided reading material, such as pamphlets, manuals or workbooks, which reinforce the strategies outlined during counseling. The counselor usually follows up with the person by email, mail or telephone to check on their progress and offer further encouragement. Interventions are usually conducted by professionals who have received specific training in alcohol or addiction counseling. Counselors are typically a physician, nurse, psychologist, or social worker. In college settings, trained peer counselors have also been effective. Goal of Brief Intervention Traditional alcoholism treatment is aimed at those who have become alcohol dependent and has the goal of promoting total abstinence. The goal of brief intervention is to get the person to reduce their level of drinking or change their harmful pattern of drinking. The goal of brief intervention is to reduce the negative outcome of the persons drinking. For example, it can be used to help pregnant women avoid damage to their unborn child. Interventions are aimed at reducing alcohol-related medical problems, injuries, domestic violence, auto crashes, legal problems and other negative outcomes that occur when someone drinks too much. Who Should Receive Brief Interventions? Anyone who occasionally drinks to excess or binge drinks could possibly benefit from brief intervention. Binge drinking is having five or more drinks during a single session (four drinks for females). Brief interventions can be helpful for anyone who has developed alcohol-related health problems, becomes pregnant, injured in an alcohol-related incident, or has been arrested for driving under the influence or for some other alcohol-related crime. Many times people who would benefit from brief interventions are identified through routine medical screening, using standard alcohol screening tools. Sometimes they are identified through blood tests that can reveal alcohol consumption or an alcohol-related health problem. Effectiveness Research has shown that brief interventions are most effective when they are performed by someone patients consider an authority figure, someone who they already trust or someone with whom they already feel comfortable.? These interventions have been successful with both younger and older patients, and with both men and women. Interventions that include personal follow-up are more effective than a single-contact intervention, researchers report. Brief interventions have also been shown to be effective when they are delivered during a teachable moment for drinkers, such as when they are receiving trauma care in an emergency department or when they find themselves in trouble with the law. Brief intervention for alcohol abuse can be delivered in the following settings: Primary Care Settings: Although research shows that 20 percent of patients in primary care settings have alcohol abuse problems, they are diagnosed less than 50 percent of the time. Even though 88 percent of primary care physicians ask their patients about their alcohol use, only 13 percent use standard screening tests. However, interventions in the primary care situation can be very effective. Sometimes a family doctor simply saying, Im concerned about your drinking is enough intervention to get the patient to reduce his drinking.The Emergency Department: Because 31 percent of patients given emergency care test positive for alcohol problems and because treatment for trauma is a teachable moment, emergency departments offer ideal opportunities for screening for alcohol problems and delivering brief interventions. This is especially true of young adults, who are both more likely to seek care in the emergency room and are more likely to be practicing hazardous drinking.The Prenatal Set ting: Preventing drinking during pregnancy is important in preventing possible birth defects. Brief interventions have been very effective in the obstetrical setting because pregnant women are usually motivated to change their behavior and usually have only mild to moderate drinking problems. These interventions are even more effective when their husbands or partners participate with them.The Criminal Justice System: Although being in trouble with the law presents another teachable moment for those with alcohol problems, there is little research that shows that brief intervention is effective in these settings, compared to traditional treatment. One study did show that brief intervention worked well for drunken drivers who also suffered from depression, but not for those without depression.College Settings: With up to 44 percent of college students binge drinking, college certainly presents many opportunities for intervention. Brief interventions have been shown to be effective in c ollege settings because the goal is to reduce drinking, not to stop drinking altogether. The problem, research shows, is that the very students who need intervention the most are the least likely to participate in the counseling. Brief interventions have been shown to be useful and cost-effective for people who have mild to moderate drinking problems, but for those who have severe drinking problems, or those who are alcoholics, more extensive treatment is necessary. Sources: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert No. 66: Brief Interventions. 2005. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much, A Clinicians Guide. 2005.

Literary Analysis Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Thus, an elusive nature of this character can be seen in Connie’s inability to consider him as an integrated male character and his intention â€Å"speaking to someone behind Connie† (Commentary on Oates, 2010). Thus, he is not a real lover; he is an allusion and a ghost of seduction. The second conceptual framework â€Å"Arnold Friend is a forbidden fruit† can be traced in Connie’s attempts to reveal a bizarre nature of this man. She wants to find out what is his real intention, why does he pretend to be a teenager, because he is a man of thirty; why does he try to look taller and many other questions occur as well. The more she tries to reveal his puzzle, the more she becomes confused and intrigued by an elusive nature of this character. A suggestion that this character is a forbidden fruit can be explained by a blurred nature of the character, which comprises common features of pop idols and the Devil: â€Å"Hes the Matthew McConaughey character from  Dazed and Confused, the guy who still hangs out at high school waaaay after hes graduated. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis: Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page A terrifying and a seductive nature of Arnold Friend’s character is a riddle that cannot be read by the girl; it is a fruit that is so close but is cannot be torn. A third interpretation of â€Å"Arnold Friend as a fleshly sin† or a conceptual interpretation of Adam friend as the Devil can be proven by the way Connie constantly thinks about this character: â€Å"She cried out, she cried out for her mother, she felt her breath start jerking back and forth in her lungs as if it were something Arnold Friend  were stabbing her with again and again with no tenderness. A noisy sorrowful wailing rose all about her and she was locked inside it the way she was locked inside this house† (Oates). This sentence implies that there is a ghostly spiritual and intimate contact between inner worlds of Connie, or it would be better to say between her inner intimate depths and invisible absorbing darkness of Arnold Friend’s seduction (Arnold Frien d, Web).

The Cold War Was Easy Capitalism Vs. Communism - 1402 Words

Introduction The Cold War was easy: Capitalism vs. Communism, West vs. East, Good vs. Evil†¦ however you wanted to define it, the dichotomy was simple to understand. When the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991, the New World Order was going to be a little more difficult to define, and to comprehend. The first to try was Francis Fukuyama: With his essay entitled, The End of History he declared â€Å"an unabashed victory of economic and political liberalism†. The resulting, â€Å"triumph of the West† was evidence that there was no â€Å"viable systematic alternatives to Western Liberalism.† Therefore, there was no â€Å"fundamental contradictions in human life that cannot be resolved in the context of modern liberalism, that would be resolvable by†¦show more content†¦Lastly, it is along the lines of these civilizations, of which seven or eight exist, that alliances will be formed and wars will be fought. Although many of us have used the words culture and civilization interchangeably, Huntington spends a great deal of time differentiating between the two. Cultures have a commonality; ancestry, religion, language, history, values, customs, and institutions. These commonalities will define cultural groups; and the largest cultural group possible, at the broadest level, is a civilization. â€Å"Culture is the common theme in almost every definition of civilization†. The civilizations, as identified by Huntington are Sinic [Chinese or Confusious], Japanese, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox [Russian], Western [Europe, North American, Australia, New Zealand], Latin American and possibly African. And it is among these groups that share a â€Å"common interest and common values† and have a â€Å"common culture or civilization† that will lead to more interdependence on members of the same civilization and less dependent on the West. Huntington’s theory is that the West has had [at one time or another] a negative impact on every other civilization, and this has led to a decline of power and influence around the world, especially the Islam civilization. Therefore he predicts, â€Å"the fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.† Critique First andShow MoreRelatedCommunism vs. Democracy : Emergence of the Cold War2266 Words   |  10 Pagesthe end of the Second World War. Ali vs. Frazier – Communism vs. Democracy The phrase â€Å"when one door closes, another door opens† applies to most cases throughout the history of our existence. World War II was no exception. With a world free of Nazi stronghold and the â€Å"Axis of Evil†, a lot of changes were being made. Before World War II there were six great powers: Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and the United States. By the end of the war, the United States stood aloneRead MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union1853 Words   |  8 Pages1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was officially dissolved. While the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was a sign that the Cold War was soon to be over, the breakup of the Soviet Union truly symbolised its end. After a bitter era of global fighting between capitalism and communism, each led by the United States and the USSR respectively, it appeared that, for better or for worse, capitalism had prevailed. Today, it looks like this indeed was the case. The Peopleâ€⠄¢s Republic of China is theRead More The Fall of Socialism Essay3197 Words   |  13 Pagestherefore communist, evil. For years, the system was far different. Starting early in the Industrial Revolution, and climaxing in the Great Depression, the labor movement made a sustained effort to effect economic change in the United States ? putting in place such systems as Welfare and Social Security, while ending child labor and organizing unions to campaign for a 40 hour workweek and minimum wage. Even a brief glance at America before World War Two shows how truly diverse political discourseRead MoreWhy Did Joseph Stalin Cause Tension Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Communist Soviet1753 Words   |  8 Pageswhat extent did Joseph Stalin cause tension between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the World War II era? To grasp the true cause of the Cold War, research must include insight into separate ideals believed by each; the will of communism spread vs the will of capitalism to contain it; the anxiety of nuclear war; and the presi dency of Harry S. Truman. The main sources will include Stalin’s Curse, written by Robert Gellately, and A History of Twentieth-CenturyRead MoreIb History Rise of the Single State Parties6245 Words   |  25 Pageslist and connect each source to the question, also include own knowledge Question 4 - Mini Essay Timeline -Paris Peace Conference 01/25/1919 ââ€"  Wilson’s 14 points 01/08/1918 ââ€"‹ self determination ââ€"  Germany accepted 14 points on 10/23/1918 ââ€"  World War I armistice 11/11/1918 ââ€"  Delegations ââ€"‹ Woodrow Wilson (US) - neutral, wanted to make peace, reductions of arms, no secret diplomacy ââ€"‹ Georges Clemenceau (France) - hated Germany ââ€"‹ David Lloyd George (GB) - allow Germany to recover the trade route ââ€"‹Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesMODERN HISTORY -2012 Topic one – USA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policiesRead More7 Megatrends 203026297 Words   |  106 PagesGLOBALIZATION FUTURE MARKETS T3 SCARCITY OF RESOURCES T4 THE CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE T5 DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION T6 GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY T7 SHARING GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY START INDEX TRENDS CONTACT 10 SUBTRENDS KNOW- ­HOW BASE GENDER GAP WAR FOR TALENT 55%   of   the   people    worldwide   will   have    completed   at   least    secondary    education Differences    between   men   and    women   expected   to    narrow The   demand   for    qualified   people    exceeds   the   supply A. EXECUTIVERead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pageseconomist, documents population numbers multiplying faster than production of goods to meet their needs. Coincides with Darwin‟s theory of evolution based on natural selection. Applied to human condition by Herbert Spencer‟s declaration that poverty was part of natural selection; helping the poor would only perpetuate unfit laziness and non industriousness. ï‚ · Protestant Ethic emphasizes self-discipline, frugality and hard work; encouraged disapproval of dependence on others. ï‚ · Feminists in America

CMIT Quiz Free Essays

When you go to Disk Management, the option to create the RAID 10 array is not available. What should you do? Install an don RAID controller typewrite. Com/64705886/ o mobility ombowithtestoutpcproa220801220802troub Ices tenderhearted sandal atherosclerosis/ 1/91 Combo with â€Å"Combo with â€Å"Tautest PC Pro A+ 220801 / You have connected two drives to the primary DID interface in a PC system. We will write a custom essay sample on CMIT Quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now How could the drives be configures? (select two) 1) Set both drives to Cable Select You have a desktop computer that uses a 250 Watt power supply. You recently added a disk RADIO array to the system and now it spontaneously shuts down. What should you do? Upgrade to a power supply that provides more watts You are responsible for managing the client workstations at your computer. A seer in the conference room called concerning the digital projector and display issues when the projector is connected to his laptop. After identifying the cause and completely resolving the issue, the projector displays the images perfectly both on his laptop and on the projector. What should you do next? Document the solution You have a custom database application that your company has been using for several years. The application works fine on all of your Windows XP systems. You have just purchased a new Windows 7 system for one of your sales team members. You make this user a member of the Users group on the local system. You install the custom application successfully. When the sales person logs on and tries to run the application, the program splash screen loads but then seems to hang. What should you do first? Grant the user permissions to the directories and files used by the application. What is a recovery partition? A partition created by the computer manufacturer to restore the system to its original State 2) Set one drive to Master and the other to Slave http://equalize. Com/64705886/ combowithcombowithtestoutpcproa220801220802troubleshootingand70ther 2/91 I ,’25/2015 A user in sales cannot get his laptop to display through a projector. He sees the screen output on the built LCD display, but the video is not being seen on the projector. What should you do first? See the Fan key to redirect display to the external video port Which of the following tools is specifically designed to test the DC voltage on a HAD power connector? Power supply tester On a Windows system, which Task Manager tab would you use to adjust the priority given to a specific program? Processes After removing the printed paper from your laser printer, the toner smudges and can be wiped off in places. Which of the following is most likely the problem? Fuser rollers The video driver on your Windows 7 computer is preventing the system from starting up successfully. You have already downloaded an updated driver and copied it to the computer’s HAD. Which mode should you select from the Windows Advanced Boot Options menu that would most likely allow you to start the computer to continue fixing the problem? Enable VGA Mode Which tool would be the best choice to remove and replace the motherboard BIOS chip? ICC extractor Which utility can be used to view when a service was stopped as well as any error messages generated by the service? Event Viewer You have added a new 1 TAB HAD to a endows computer. The disk is configured as a basic disk. Which of the following can be configured on this disk? (select two) 1) Primary partitions 2) Extended partitions with logical drives co mbowithcombowithtestoutpcproa220801220802troub Ices tenderhearted sandal etherealness rods/ 3/91 You’re troubleshooting a computer running Windows 7. The SO has halted and a blue screen has been displayed on the monitor with an error message. What is the first step you should take in troubleshooting the issue? Search for the error in Microsoft’s knowledgeable or in a search engine on the Internet Which of the following identify the key preferences between a worm and a virus? ) Worms independently replicate themselves 2) A virus relies on a host for replication Which of the following protects a computer from electrostatic discharge? Antistatic wrist strap You have purchased an LED monitor and connected it to the DAVID port using a DAVID cable. You configure the screen resolution to 1440 x 900 with bit color. The screen display seems to b e fuzzy. What should you do to correct the Change the screen resolution to the native resolution of the monitor In which of the following situations would restoring from a backup be the best option? Select two) ) You accidentally deleted several important emails from Outlook and need to restore them. 2) You need to restore several word processing files that were accidentally deleted from My Documents Your laptop carrying case is designed from a inch laptop, yet you think you can squeeze your inch laptop into it. Before slipping the laptop into the case, what Remove any Expressed from their slots co mbowithcombowithtestoutpcproa220801220802troublesh00tingand70ther sand 1 atherosclerosis/ 4/91 Combo with â€Å"combo with â€Å"Tautest PC Pro A+ 220801 / You have a small wireless network with less than 50 client computers. You upgrade the hardware on TV’0 wireless devices so you can use a better security standard than WEEP. Now you need to implement the new security standard. You need the greatest amount of security with the least amount of effort, and without replacing any of the wireless infrastructure. What should you do? (select two) 1) Implement WEAVES You’re conducting scheduled maintenance on a laser printer. You notice that there is a buildup of excess toner inside the interior of the printer. Which of the following is the proper way to remove Use an antistatic vacuum You’re troubleshooting a malfunctioning notebook computer. Nothing appears on the LCD display when the system is powered on. What is the first thing you should do? Plug in an external monitor You have a compiler that compiles applications used in your business. You want to make sure that the compiler continues to run in the background, even if you open the other applications. How can you adjust the amount of attention given to that application? Use Task Manager to adjust the process priority Several employees have forwarded you an email indicating that your company’s health insurance provider has just launched a new benefits management Web site that all employees must start using. The employees are told in the email to click a link to access the site. Once there, they are required to provide their USN. However, you have discovered that your company’s insurance provider did not send this e mail. What kind of attack just occurred? Phips inning 2) Configure each client with the same key 5/91 A user sends a print job to a network printer and it prints page after page of random characters. He calls the help desk and a technician discovers that somehow the wrong printer driver has been loaded on the users workstation. How to cite CMIT Quiz, Papers

Change over Time free essay sample

The migration starts out of Africa and the people start to settle and create city-states in 6 continents. Now the people of this area start to build and construct new tools to use. The people are in tribes there are no real political system. Socially the people start to trade with each other and use new goods. Also there is the start of the social classes. The people start to use a spoken language to communicate. Gender roles for the people start to emerge. Religion starts to become more important and more complex. In the Middle East between 8000-500 BCE there were changes in the demography, political, and social. For example a change is the social classes become more defined in this time. The priest start to be more important to the culture and the religion starts to become more complex and guides daily life. The gender differences started to come more clear, for example the rule and the status of the women is determined. We will write a custom essay sample on Change over Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Politically the government starts to emerge and the kings/priests are starting to lead. Socially the population starts to increase because of people settling down. Continuity in demographic, political, and social in 500 BCE becomes more advanced. The population is increasing because of more people leaving the nomadic ways of life and settling in the city-states. Patriarchy continues to dominate the social classes of the area. The religion is still very important and is very important in everyday life. The religion is also combined with the government because of the priests ruling the area. The diseases start to create new plagues, and some diseases increase because of the amount of people in one place. The global connection is that the same changes and continuities are taking place in other river valley civilizations like Nile River Valley, Indus, and China The major changes that occurs during the Middle East between 8000-500 BCE is the agriculture begins to emerge and alter the way of life in that time. Change over Time Essay By norburg

American Developments 1860-77 essays

American Developments 1860-77 essays During the time period of 1860 1877, we fought to determine what position we would assume on many controversial issues. Black suffrage and the power of the national government against the power of the states were the two most prominent topics. The Constitution underwent crucial changes, reforms, and developments, yet Americas society, though affected by the Constitution, changed very little. God forbid these changes be called developments. South Carolina threatened secession because they were being denied many rights that were delegated to them by the Constitution. South Carolina and a better portion of the South felt that they had been denied their right to own slaves, because the federal government had left it up to the states to decide their position on slavery through popular sovereignty. Later, after the republicans had full control of Congress, they passed numerous bills freeing and benefiting the African-Americans. (Document A, American Pageant, Document D) With what seemed to be a follow up on former President Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, Congress passed the 13th amendment accomplishing what Lincoln could not, freeing all the slaves. Still not satisfied, and yearning for equality the blacks called out for fair treatment and the 14th and 15th amendments were passed making African-Americans made primary citizens and granting them the right to vote. All the while encouraging the states to allow freedmen to vote. For a short time period Congress seemed like it was trying all that it could to promote black equality. (American Pageant, Document H) The Freedmens Bureau was formed to help the freedmen of the South find jobs and/or land to homestead. There were also many sympathizers that tried to help blacks utilize their newfound rights guiding them in gain offices, negotiating contracts, and voting. The scallywags and carpetbaggers within these groups promised to every freed sl...

The Burgundian Wars Battle of Nancy

The Burgundian Wars Battle of Nancy In late 1476, despite earlier defeats at Grandson and Murten, Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy moved to besiege the city of Nancy which had been taken by Duke Rene II of Lorraine earlier in the year. Fighting severe winter weather, the Burgundian army encircled the city and Charles hoped to win a swift victory as he knew Rene to be gathering a relief force. Despite the siege conditions, the garrison at Nancy remained active and sortied against the Burgundians. In one foray, they succeeded in capturing 900 of Charles men. Rene Approaches Outside the city walls, Charles situation was made more complicated by the fact that his army was not linguistically unified as it possessed Italian mercenaries, English archers, Dutchmen, Savoyards, as well as his own Burgundian troops. Acting with financial support from Louis XI of France, Rene succeeded in assembling 10,000-12,000 men from Lorraine and the Lower Union of the Rhine. To this force, he added an additional 10,000 Swiss mercenaries. Moving deliberately, Rene began his advance on Nancy in early January. Marching through the winter snows, they arrived south of the city on the morning of January 5, 1477. The Battle of Nancy Moving swiftly, Charles began deploying his smaller army to meet the threat. Making use of the terrain, he positioned his army across a valley with a small stream to its front. While his left was anchored on the River Meurthe, his right rested on an area of thick woods. Arranging his troops, Charles positioned his infantry and thirty field guns in the center with his cavalry on the flanks. Assessing the Burgundian position, Rene and his Swiss commanders decided against a frontal assault believing that it could not succeed. Instead, the decision was made to have the largely Swiss vanguard (Vorhut) move forward to attack Charles left, while the Center (Gewalthut) swung to the left through the forest to attack the enemy right. After a march that lasted around two hours, the Center was in position slightly behind Charles right. From this location, the Swiss alpenhorns sounded three times and Renes men charged down through the woods. As they slammed into Charles right, his cavalry succeeded in driving off their Swiss opposites, but his infantry was soon overwhelmed by superior numbers. As Charles desperately began shifting forces to realign and reinforce his right, his left was driven back by Renes vanguard. With his army collapsing, Charles and his staff frantically worked to rally their men but with no success. With the Burgundian army in mass retreat towards Nancy, Charles was swept along until his party was surrounded by a group of Swiss troops. Attempting to fight their way out, Charles was struck in the head by a Swiss halberdier and killed. Falling from his horse, his body was found three days later. With the Burgundians fleeing, Rene advanced to Nancy and lifted the siege. Aftermath While the casualties for the Battle of Nancy are not known, with Charles death the Burgundian Wars effectively came to an end. Charles Flemish lands were transferred to the Hapsburgs when Archduke Maximilian of Austria married Mary of Burgundy. The Duchy of Burgundy reverted to French control under Louis XI. The performance of the Swiss mercenaries during the campaign further bolstered their reputation as superb soldiers and led to their increased use across Europe.

Professional Values Ethics and Law for Child Nursing Essay

Professional Values Ethics and Law for Child Nursing - Essay Example The paper seeks to evaluate the dangers and benefits of ethical theories in relation to the case study. The professional ethical theories include Deontology, Rights, Utilitarianism, Casuist, Virtue, Teleology and Care Ethics. The research further seeks to outline the effects of nursing principles towards professional accountability and responsibility. The principles include Justice, Paternalism, Least Harm and Fidelity. In addition, the research seeks to investigate how the Law affects health care practice through code of conduct relevant to the case study. The case study involve a dying baby who had undergone an unsuccessful heart operation and was placed at the heart lung machine where her parents had pleaded with the liaison nurse to allow them be with their baby in the OR, before she died. According to the rules of the Operating System no visitation was allowed in the area only the authorized practitioners. The nurse went ahead to enforce the hospital’s regulations where she highlighted that the parents could only view the baby after she had died and her chest stitched back up. The baby died the same day without the parent’s presence where they returned the next morning to view the body. The nurse was disturbed from the experience and from the sorrowful mood of the parent’s, where she decided to visit the hospital’s Director of ethics for consultation on the issue. According to Humber (2013), the medical nurse had the intuition of predicting the outcome of the baby’s condition and the consequence of her action. The theory stipulates that Angela had the choice of making an ethical decision that yielded the greatest beneficial outcome. A dying child greatly affects the parent’s emotions. The nurse practitioner had the ethical duty to empathize with the parent’s who would never had the chance to see their child alive again. Among the benefit of the theory is

Mobile Video Internet Search and Summary Research Paper

Mobile Video Internet Search and Summary - Research Paper Example Mobile video, which encompass smart phones, Iphones and other gadgets of similar caliber were handheld components mostly preferred by protesters and demonstrators as they agitated for the elimination of tyrannical powers, for instance, in Egypt (Boughelaf). People were capable of sharing ideas, slogans, videos and frustrations they so far endured while under tyrannical individuals who due to the sycophancy of traditional Medias made the majority ignorant by threatening them (Stoughton, India). Therefore, through mobile video gadgets, the then incumbent powers did not have any limitation, which they can impose on people except to terminate phones’ supply from western states, but they had already made their citizens’ hands (Shanley). For instance, Duffy (54) in his study cites how most handheld phones now evident among middle class society contributed to effective communication in such a way tyranny powers cannot limit users’ freedom. In Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and L ibya people besides being protesters, almost all of them turned out to be â€Å"journalist reporters† though not in acting it. Since, they took pictures and videos only to flood them in FaceBook, Twitter and YouTube, which currently have large pool of fans (Duffy 53). This helped to disseminate Arab Spring information incomparable to other authorized state Medias (Duffy 54). Hence, being a significant factor that contributed immensely in overturning tyrannical icons especially in Arab regions. Since, it only took the courage of an individual to update an observed repression state then followed by numerous comments of similar caliber expressing frustrations, which then resulted to active action like in Egypt. What are the possibilities now for viewing TV shows on mobile devices? Mobile knowhow has not only perfected its varied applications with the aid of phones but also extended in airing TV shows (Heather). Therefore, fans of diverse shows do not have to part with what they can watch while in the comfort of their homes but also while travelling with the aid of their handheld Iphones, Galaxies and smart phones (Heather). Presently, it is not a shock to find some Wi-Fi enabled public buses installed for passengers to access internet with their phones, which is a marketing strategy in some of Third states especially in Kenya and Uganda (Okwii). This is due to low-priced gadgets, which respective corporations have offered thus enabling even middle class people be in possession of them besides installed in public vehicles. Consequently, this avails masses with large pool of information irrespective of their place and time such that despite being out of residential confinements can still enjoy TV shows they normally love. Presently, the argument concerning â€Å"possibility† of watching TV shows via mobile gadgets is not a future anticipated enjoyment but already realized goal. This is because the knowhow despite being new to some states especially in Middle East is already rampant in other states whereby users they only need to have an internet connection (mostly wireless). In some states, this is already a realized goal whereby some mobile subscribers especially in Kenya, which even offer bundles for internet fanatics via their mobile gadgets (Okwii). Hence, they are capable of watching not only TV shows but also global matches of their favorite teams. PR Newswire

Theories of autobiographical memory

Theories of autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory is characterised by individual and gender differences resulting from significant social interchanges and cultural milieus experienced during the early-developmental and mature phases of life. The study is designed to explore the theoretical concepts encompassing the different types, neural basis and several theoretical dimensions pertaining to the autobiographical memory. Keywords: autobiographical memory, cognitive behaviour, cognitive psychology Theories of Autobiographical Memory 3 Autobiographical Memory: A Theoretical Overview Autobiographical memory can be defined as an explicit memory of the past events (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 138) contributed by varying certain nostalgic factors including individuals psychological understanding, complex spoken or sign language, remembrance of interaction with parents and others, specific style of talking, self-representation, personal perspectives and narrative comprehension and production (Williams, Conway Cohen, 2008, p. 371). Numerous episodic memories or recollected events belonging to an individuals past life are referred as autobiographical memories, which have been identified as more complex form of mummeries as compared to the laboratory memories in accordance with several studies conducted by a number of cognitive psychologists. The episodic memory experiment conducted in a laboratory is usually concerned with a brief set of memory comprising of events that are based on certain words that are presented on a computer screen which primarily involve the use of a single sensory modality; exhibiting a diminutive variation in spatial, temporal, emotional, and narrative content or context that is personally irrelevant to the subject (Bauer, Stennes Haight, 2003, p. 29). On the other hand, in autobiographical memories events are recalled by involving multimodal senses as for example, taste, smell, touch, hearing, vision and kinesthesis which are meant to exhibit significant variation in content and context of spatial, temporal, emotional, and narrative reason and also demonstrate personal relevance (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 138). Autobiographical memories involve real-world stimuli and are extremely complex thus, necessitating supplementary theoretical and methodological considerations that are usually not required in a laboratory study involving simplified stimuli (Diamond, Lee Hayden, 2003, p. 831). The main objective of this study is to explore the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive psychology related to the autobiographical mem ory. The initial segment of the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 4 study aims to identify different types of autobiographical memory which extends to the middle segment which is meant to evaluate its neural basis. The later segment of the study explicates the different theories of the subject matter leading to the final conclusion. Types of Autobiographical Memories The systemic requirements pertaining to autobiographical memories involve individual senses as for example visualisation, hearing, and smell; a multimodal spatial system which reminds about the location concerning the objects and people; emotional system; linguistic system; a narrative system concerning casual interactions which does not necessarily involve the use of language (Rubin, Schrauf, Greenberg, 2003, p. 889); and an explicit memory system which facilitates in coordinating information with the rest (Schrauf Rubin, 2000, p. 621). Depending upon an individuals memory, each of these systems tends to process, organise and assign roles that are exhibited by specific cognitive-behaviours. A number of instrumental studies are employed to document the evidences proffered by each system including cognitive-behavioural studies, individual differences research, neuro-anatomy, neuropsychology, and neuro-imaging studies that are all helpful in identifying the traces of events collected within the autobiographical memory of an individual. It has been studied that autobiographical memory itself, does not represents a single entity rather it is complimented by multiple systems; each demonstrating diverse roles, organisation and processing of the relevant data (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 267). The permanence of the autobiographical memory significantly relies on the continuity of these individual systems and their interaction with each other exactly similar to the fact how the recollected memories of an individual is a shared cultural knowledge obtained during the life span which subsequently attributes cultural expectations rather than individuals autobiographical memory (Berntsen Rubin, 2004, p. 430). Long term memory is Theories of Autobiographical Memory 5 principally divided into three major systems including implicit memory characterised by the memories relating to the performance of a task in the absence of conscious recollection; semantic memory characterised by factual reminiscence of events; and episodic memory characterised by the memories of information within specific time and space units (Eysenck Keane, 2005, p. 194). Autobiographical memory is predominantly concerned with both the episodic and semantic memories which are further classified into three sub-types including factual memory, self-schemata, generic memory and specific memories (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 261) that are explicated as follows: Factual Memory The concept of factual memory has not been widely appraised within the theoretical paradigm of autobiographical memory. Factual memory is primarily concerned with the immediate facts and present happenings. Self Schemata Self-schemata as the name indicates, is the central conception within cognitive therapy and is characterised by self-knowledge or information about ones own personality, nature or temperament; which is far more complex and contextualised as compared to the known facts but is much generalised as compared to specific or generic memories (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000, p. 264). Self-schemata are not just limited to a specific self-knowledge are the accumulated information connected to specific self-realisation which can be corresponded as facts or statements. The process involves economical organisation of information related to abstracted real-life experiences which greatly differs from the schematic knowledge and this divergence between original experiences and schematic knowledge transpires as the cognitive processes are likely to be influenced by the pre-established schemata similar to the encoding of an experience. It has been studied that the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 6 insistence and distortion of self-schemata may considerably vary depending upon an individuals perceptions (Dalgleish, 2004, p. 233). Generic Memories Generic memories are much specific in comparison with the self-schemata as concerning the memories of repeated and similar experiences however, specific memories are less abstracted as compared to generic memories. The mechanism of generic memories greatly resembles with self-schemata as it involves stacking of analogous experiences. The most critical aspect of the generic memories is the sensory and visual-spatial components which significantly limits the stacking of experiences making it much more specific than self-schemata. A number of disorders especially depression is associated with a greater likelihood of recalling generic memories based slightly vague reminiscence of experiences. Specific Memories Strong sensory and visual-spatial components are the key characteristics of specific memories which facilitate in the recollection episodic events from an individuals past life encompassing certain canonical categories of information such as ongoing activity, location, persons, others affect and own affect (Williams, Conway Cohen, 2008, p. 376). There is a vast difference between specific and long-term specific memories as the most recent happenings can be recollected by most individuals retaining specific memories of the recent past however, the retention of long-term memories of that particular event, by each person is vitally dubious (Conway, 2005) as it has been studied that the specific memories of recent past belong to a different memory system than long term specific memories (Carver Bauer, 2001, p. 728). The process of autobiographical reasoning stressing on the temporal, causal and thematic relationship and cultural interchanges develop narrative-like structures which are meant to form explicit linkage between several specific memories (Bluck Habermas, Theories of Autobiographical Memory 7 2000, p. 140). The theory suggests that the memories of recent past are not subjected to schemata-driven reconstruction processes and therefore, specific memories can be considered as much accurate and less-biased. Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memories The theoretical underpinnings pertaining to the neural origins of autobiographical memory are briefly explicated as follows: Prospection Mental simulation of probable future events can significantly help an individual to strategise and plan for the potential opportunities in pursuit of personal objectives and thereby, chances of failures can be minimised through consistent efforts. It has been studied that prospection is the concept of imagining oneself in future which subsequently allows an individual to engage in organised strategic behaviour to achieve pre-planned personal objectives (Bird Reese 2006, p. 620). Remembering past events and futuristic thinking are both hypothesised to reflect the parallel course of action which has been explicated by the sequential distribution of self-generated probable future events that have been found to replicate the distribution of recollected past events of numerous individuals during their life cycle (Spreng Levine, 2006, p. 1649). There is a possibility that the recollection of past memories and prospection of futuristic events might share neural substrate and similar mecha nism as studies suggest that, a decreasing fashion of phenomenological richness (DArgembeau Van der Linden, 2004, p. 846) and episodic specificity with age (Addis, Wong, Schacter, 2008, p. 1365) has been observed, in the past and future events. Navigation In accordance with the cognitive theory both the ego-centric and allo-centric perspectives facilitate in imagining the current status of an individual and the desired Theories of Autobiographical Memory 8 objectives followed by specific routes to navigate spatial environments through topographical orientation (Bird Reese 2006, p. 615). Lesser emphasis is drawn to an individuals stance as per the allo-centric perspective which is meant to identify the relation between landmarks with the help of engaging ones mind to discover the future prospects that are substantially indifferent to the immediate environment or to visualise or map the environment (Bird Reese 2006, p. 622). Theory of Mind Theory of mind facilitates in comprehending the social navigation process indicating that the communal interchanges between people are based on an individuals perspectives that are greatly influenced by the pre-conceived notions and in order to predict the action and reaction of others, it is imperative to understand their perspective (Garfield, Peterson, Perry, 2001). It has been studied that to understand others perspectives, individuals make efforts to self-project themselves by simulating the mindset of others (Blakemore Decety, 200). Default Mode Functions of brain studied during the resting phase of an individual are usually referred as default mode (Mazoyer et al., 2001) which is characterised by the unprepared thoughts or mind wandering condition in which the brain is becomes stimulus-independent (Raichle et al., 2001) and could be irrational at times (Mason et al., 2007). Both the external or internal environment has no significant influence on the brain functioning of an individual in a resting phase however, an internal mode of cognition may become activated which allows an individual to self-projection or imagine one-self in a desired condition without being influenced by the respective environment (Gusnard, Akbudak, Shulman, Raichle, 2001; Raichle Gusnard, 2005). Theories of Autobiographical Memory 9 Theories of Autobiographical Memory Development The theoretical underpinnings of the autobiographical memory development have experienced significant progression in context of explaining infantile amnesia which reflects the failure of adults to recall events from their early stages of life. It is quiet a mystery that children seem to remember a lot from their long-term memory bank however, as they grow old and reach the adulthood it becomes exceedingly difficult for them to recall their past memories specially pertaining to their early childhood. Primary Influence Theories During the beginning of pre-school period there is a lack of cognitive and social cognitive framework which is responsible for encoding memories which subsequently result in the failure of retrieving self-relevant memories in later stages of life. Mirror task of self-recognition (MSR) has been identified as the most vital instrument for the encoding and storage of the autobiographical memories (Carver Bauer, 2001, p. 731). On the other hand, it has been hypothesised that self-recognition plays an integral role in retrieving the autobiographical memories however, children in early ages do not poses the ability to understand the fundamentals of nature, personality and character which makes it difficult for them to gain delayed self-recognition. Studies suggest that the memory bank becomes actively responses as soon as a child develops an understanding of one-self and achieves significant representational awareness agreeing to this, the cognitive-motivational theory of adults autobiogr aphical memory presented by (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce 2000) suggest that self grounding is an essential part of retrieving the memories however, they further emphasised on the identification of goals and argued that the inability to reconstruct the memories in later stages of life has a very close link with the incongruity of self-goals with the encoding and retrieving period. Theories of Autobiographical Memory 10 Multiple influence theories A number of studies concur with the former concept of insufficient cognitive or social-cognitive framework during early preschool years, is the vital cause interfering with the encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories however; they further attempted to analyse the critical abilities of an individual to encode and retrieve the memories, in the larger social and linguistic realm for the child (Conway, Pleydell-Pearce Whitecross, 2001, p. 495). Children are unable to comprehend with the causal-temporal sequence of events and cannot establish the order of self-relevant events into a chronological narrative which enables a frequent encoding and retrieval of autobiographical memories as the representational system largely depends upon linguistic abilities which subsequently develop after 4-5 years (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 149). A number of theories also suggest that social interaction is another significant element to retrieve autobiographical memories and further argue tha t children develop their critical cognitive capacities through social interactions and reminiscing practices. Furthermore, parental cooperation in discussing, evaluating and elaborating the past events also facilitates in providing rich information which consequently develops in the retrieval of autobiographical memories. It has also been studied, that apart from linguistic aid children also necessitate a reason to learn and recall past events which could be strong social bonds and close relationships which greatly helps them in self-recognition process and the more they recognise oneself in their early childhood, the more it becomes easier to reminisce their autobiographical memories (Conway, Pleydell-Pearce Whitecross, 2001, p. 450). Social Cultural Developmental Theories There are three significant arguments encompassing the social and cultural developmental theories pertaining to autobiographical memories including (i) gradual emergence of autobiographical memory across the preschool years; (ii) autobiographical Theories of Autobiographical Memory 11 memory system is highly reliant upon the language which is the vital tool for social interchanges; and (iii) autobiographical memory is characterised by cultural, gender, and individual differences across life that need significant explanation (Bamberg and Moissinac 2003, p. 398). It has been studied that the remembrance of events from a lifespan of a children and adult may considerably vary and it is quite evident that everybody is not capable of remembering more of events with identical detailing and in similar narrative way as expressed by others. This indicates that differences in both the course and time of emergence of the autobiographical memories and their eventual outcomes significantly vary depending upon age, sex, gender, personal experiences, social interactions and cultural differences (Fivush Nelson, 2004, p. 575). The development system begins with the birth followed by toddler memories that are instituted through social interactions with parents, siblings and relativ es, during which nascent conceptions are built in an individuals mind which might be unconsciously penetrated within the memory bank. Studies also suggest that infants are very much aware of their environment and also have an idea of core self which has been essentially related to intentionality. It has been studied that infants as per their core self have determined goals and actions which is fuelled by the infusion of certain skills, emerging concepts and social experiences (Bamberg and Moissinac 2003, p. 398). The later phase after 4-5 years when the children respond to what they hear and start talking by using linguistic aids results in the preservation of a sound memory bank which can be encoded and retrieved later in life depending upon an individuals capability to reminisce the autobiographical memories. The Core Components of Developmental System The key components of the development system facilitating the early development of memory base are characterised by the initiation of memories being stored within the memory Theories of Autobiographical Memory 12 bank of an unborn child. It has been studied that the unborn child are capable of differentiating and discriminating between the incoming information and are also capable to store the information over time. Children have been studied to have implicit memories that have been collected during the first trimester of pregnancy (Eysenck and Keane, 2005, p. 158) however, the remembrance of such memory can be extremely short. On the other hand, it has been studied that the time duration in which a child emits a previously conditioned response can be extended with the use of reminders thus, strengthening their memory base. The role of language is extremely significant in the retrieval and narration of autobiographical memories. It has been studied that language is significant in the retrieval of autobiographical memory in three particular ways including (i) it is involved in providing the organisational and evaluative attribute of autobiographical memory; (ii) it significantly helps in devel oping and maintain social interactions which subsequently results in the organised representation of past experiences especially for children; and (iii) it facilitates in growing the awareness of young children to preserve memory as a representation of past experience which can be evaluated from multiple subjective perspectives (Fivush, 2001, p. 51). Adult memory talk is the third vital component of developmental system in which mothers play an integral role in developing the memory system of their children as they are the initial point of contact to children, enabling them to understand their external environment and educating them to respond. There is a significant distinction between primary consciousness and symbolic consciousness however, it has been studied that the consciousness of the past is greatly responsible in the developmental system as it helps in defining the concept of present, past and future in the autobiographical memory (Edelman and Tononi 2000, p. 99). Finally, the self-recognition or self-in-time is a closely related concept contributing in the developmental system and it has been studied that to relate oneself in the past or in the Theories of Autobiographical Memory 13 present necessitates the clear-cut mapping of two distinct representations (Perner 2000, p. 212). Conclusive Remarks The memories associated with early stages of life can significantly help in gaining an insight oneself thus, providing the opportunities for emotional growth and development. In addition to this, self-recognition and self-knowledge tremendously help in improving the overall personality and temperament of an individual as the autobiographical memories can facilitate in defining personal lacking hence, enabling the individual to transform into a better human being. The study has successfully established the grounds for understanding different types and neural origins of the autobiographical memory and subsequently unfolded varying aspects of theoretical paradigms associated with the subject area indicating that the memory bank can be developed with growing age. Moreover, the study also reveals that social interchanges and cultural influences in early stages of life have significant impacts on the memory development system. To conclude, it can be instituted that cognitive psychology is a vast subject having wide-range of theories related to autobiographical memory; and this study within its limited scope attempted to address numerous speculative areas of the concerned theme. Theories of Autobiographical Memory 14

Cruesa, his first wife, is lost at Troy Essay

To analyse the character of Aeneas in comparison to the character of Odysseus we must first recognise that they have both been sent away from home, Aeneas by force after the sack of Troy and Odysseus to fight from the Greek side. To analyse them as leaders and â€Å"good men† we must look at their feats and their strengths as well as recognising their flaws as people and warriors. Both characters are extremely respected as heroes. Virgil presents us with the man that founded the greatest empire of all, the Roman Empire. Odysseus had the idea of the Trojan horse, without which the Greeks would not have won the war. Both are primarily good men who serve their countries well. I found though, that they do this in two very different ways. Odysseus’ nostos and Aeneas search for a new home. Scholars continue to disagree on whether or not Aeneas is presented as a good soldier, although the question itself is certainly far from black and white, complicated by the culturally relative nature of terms such as â€Å"conflict†and â€Å"courage†, as well as by the rather oblique definition that â€Å"good† itself holds. Odysseus respectively. I will argue that Aeneas meets the criteria set by neither model and that, ultimately, he is an emotionally unstable, morally dubious and even an incompetent military leader. However, the very fact that he is the protagonist needs to be stressed: his character is necessarily sympathetic, dynamic and intricate. My intention is not to assert that Aeneas is a villain or a coward; he is quite obviously neither of these things and such an interpretation of the Aeneid, a text rich and ambiguous in meaning, would be nothing short of reductive. And in this way he must, and does, have some positive, somewhat redeeming features. Virgil created in Aeneas a new type of Stoic hero, a point that is perhaps most evident in Book Four when Aeneas leaves Carthage. His speech to Dido is indicative of his determination to suffer both silently, Aeneas did not move his eyes and struggled to fight down the anguish in his heart. â€Å", (Book 4) and willing, â€Å"Do not go on causing distress to yourself and to me by these complaints. It is not by my own will that I still search for Italy. † (Book 4) Emotional restraint and acquiescence in regard to one’s own fortunes and torment is intrinsic to a Roman conception of a role model and leader. Equally, the presentation of Aeneas in Book Four can be seen to parallel that of Odysseus in Book Nineteen of the Odyssey, where the reader is told that, in spite of his wife’s tears, the hero’s â€Å"eyes were steady†. Aeneas, then, does conform to both the Roman and Homeric paradigms in his ability to endure the sufferings that Fate has allotted him. And yet his chief characteristic is not his endurance, as is the case with Odysseus, but rather his pietas, a quality essential for a Roman warrior. Time and time again in the Aeneid he is referred to as pious Aeneas, â€Å"famous for his devotion†(Book 6), so the Sibyl states. This devotion is threefold in that it is not only religious and extends to both his family and to his duty as â€Å"Father† of Rome. The latter of these has already been demonstrated by his separation from Dido, in which he subordinates his personal wishes in order to fulfil his destiny, while one can see the first two aspects of this pietas at work quite clearly in Book Five, in which the funeral games, â€Å"held in honour of the divine father of Aeneas†(Book 5), combine a celebration of the familial and of the holy. Like the â€Å"Father† figure that Aeneas, by fate takes on, Odysseus has great affection for his men. When he loses some of his men at Ismarus he tells us how they sailed on â€Å"with heavy hearts, grieving for the loss of our companions†. As well as this, when all the other ships are lost to the Laestragonians, he states, â€Å"We lay on the beach for two days and nights, utterly exhausted and eating our hearts out with grief†. Odysseus risks his life for them. In book 10 when the first half of his men are transformed into pigs by Circe, he goes alone to rescue them. He goes blind into this plan without any forward planning until Hermes helps him. He is so determined to help that he tells an interfering Eurylochus, â€Å"I shall go. I have absolutely no choice. â€Å". He never abandons his men. In Book 9 when his men eat the fruit of the Locus they lose all hope and want for home. Odysseus literally drags them and ties them to benches on the ship so that they cannot escape. In the cave of the Cyclops, after they have blinded the monster, Odysseus ties all of his men to the bellies of rams and they escape leaving him, he is alone and has nobody to tie him on. He does not care because he thinks about his men before he acts as does Aeneas. In this respect they are very similar except Aeneas makes more mistakes than Odysseus does and loses his wife. As a father figure, like Aeneas, Odysseus is very well respected by his men. Near the Cyclops the men divide the goats between the ships. They give nine to all of the ships and ten to Odysseus’ alone as a sign of their respect for him as their leader. Yet this pietas, as much as it appears to pervade Virgil’s characterisation of the leader, might be called into question. Aeneas, on frequent occasions, seems reluctant to implement himself and also uncertain as to the rewards it offers. In Book Five the poet externalises Aeneas’ thoughts as he wonders â€Å"whether he should forget about his destiny and settle in the fields of Sicily† (Book 5), and throughout the first half of the poem he needs to be constantly prompted to continue in his search for his homeland: by his wife’s shade in Book Two, his father’s shade in Book Five, and twice by Mercury in Book Four. Mercury wasted no time, â€Å"So now you are laying foundations for the high towers of Carthage and building a splendid city to please your wife? Have you entirely forgotten your own kingdom and your own destiny? † (Book 4). These temptations are presented to Odysseus throughout â€Å"The Odyssey† but he does not give into temptation whereas Aeneas marries Dido, falls in love with her. Odysseus has a very strict work ethic, which clearly shows his devotion to Ithaca. He is offered immortality by Nymph Calypso if he just stayed with her, but instead the first image that the reader is given of him is knelt on a beach crying for his homeland. He is tempted again by the witch Circe. Odysseus has the weakness of enjoying women. He stayed with Circe for one year before his men reminded him of home. He also stayed with Calypso for seven years. Although we must take into though that there were reasons why he had to stay with her. Even through these periods of extreme temptation and immensely beautiful women, Odysseus wants to return home. He is driven by the goddess Athene but she is not the true reason for his passionate longing for Ithaca. Aeneas is different. He no longing to go home, he has no home. He does long for his promised citadel but is also a cell for the gods to create a new Empire. Venus’ intervention is what points Aeneas towards leaving Dido who he tells, â€Å"I left you against my will† (Book 6). Aeneas seems rather less than devoted to his duty at this moment. He is shown to be quite contented in Carthage and it seems unlikely that he would have left its â€Å"sweet† shores under his own volition. Dido is Aeneas first serious test, and he seems to give way without a struggle (Book 4), and one may see the character here as close to the antithesis of Odysseus who, in his pig-headed determination to return to Ithaca, even rejects Calypso’s offer of immortality. Indeed, Aeneas, â€Å"whose sword was studded with yellow stars of jaspers† (Book 4) is a picture of decadence. Nor is devotion to duty the only aspect of his pietas that can be found wanting, and as much as Aeneas appears to be a truly devoted son it should be noted that he repeatedly fails to protect his family. When one considers those personages in the poem that could be seen as intimate with Aeneas it must be realised that virtually none survive. Cruesa, his first wife, is lost at Troy; Dido, debatably his second, commits suicide and Anchises, his father, dies in the port at Drepanum.

Gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John: The New Testament

1Introduction The four New Testament (NT) gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John present four accounts of the life and ministry of Jesus. Bible scholars and historians assigned the gospel names and their authors as Matthew, Mark, Luke and John respectively. [1] The three gospels, of Matthew, Mark and Luke are known as the Synoptic gospels. [2] The aim of this paper is to discuss the main themes and focuses of each of canonical gospels and show how they relate to reveal a complete picture of Jesus' life and work. 2The Gospels a) Matthew Matthew was one of the first twelve disciples. It would appear that his intended audience were Jews, and he presented Jesus mainly as the King, the Son of David and the promised Messiah-King. He records Jesus’ genealogy showing Jesus is descendant from the royal line of David. In (1:1), he also introduces Jesus as the Son of David. Matthew records more teaching concerning God’s kingdom, for example the entire Sermon on the Mount. The term â€Å"Kingdom of Heaven† appears 33 times and â€Å"Kingdom of God† 4 times. [3] Matthew’s gospel is listed first in the NT because it seems that it is bridging the OT and NT, ushering the Jewish reader from the familiar OT story to Jesus in the NT[4]. Matthew narrates the gospel to convince the Jewish audience of Jesus’ link with the Jewish history and Jesus’ fulfilment of OT prophesies. The gospel is recognised as the â€Å"Teaching Gospel†. [5] When Jesus teaches, he demonstrates His authority as King over physical, psychological, spiritual diseases and even over elements created by God. (5:17, 4:24, 8:1-17, 23-27) Jesus’ authority is recorded, (28:18-20) ‘All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth†¦. ‘ b) Mark Mark is the shortest of the gospels, the probable intended audience were gentiles specifically in Rome and he presents Jesus mainly as the Servant. The gospel commences with Jesus as a grown up and does not record the birth and childhood and omits Jesus’ genealogy. He translates the Aramaic phrases for his audience and uses more Latin and less OT quotations suggesting that he wrote for non-Jewish who did not understand the Jewish language. [6] Mark concentrated on Jesus' miraculous works and the gospel is also known as an â€Å"action† gospel because the language he uses is action packed. He uses phrases and words such as â€Å"immediately†, â€Å"at once†, â€Å"as soon as†, â€Å"quickly† stressing his focus on action. 7] He writes with the aim of converting his audience by proving that Jesus is the Son of God, a Jesus of power and action. Marks’ audience faced persecution and martyrdom and so he also writes to strengthen them. He needed to tell them that Jesus had also suffered, and had triumphed over suffering and death. [8] c) Luke Luke was a doctor who got his information fr om many eye-witnesses. The book may have been commissioned by a non-Christian Roman official called Theophilus (1:3,4). Luke’s gospel also is a sequel to the book of Acts. This gospel is the longest of all NT books. It bridges the events between Christ and the establishment of the church. [9] His genealogy traces Jesus' roots back to Adam versus genealogy tracing back to the Jewish Abraham. [10] There appears to be evidence in Colossians 4:10-14 that Luke was a gentile, therefore suggesting his audience may have been gentiles and the only gentile to have his writings canonised. He portrays Jesus as saviour by including more distinct healing miracles and parables than the other gospels. [11] Luke records more narrative of the events, and he alone records John the Baptist’s parentage and records the longest period. Luke emphasises that salvation is for all and more of Jesus at prayer. [12] He may have wanted the gentiles to know that they had the same access to God and presents God’s grace as available to all. e) John Reading the NT gospels shows that the content and style between John and the Synoptic gospels is different. John lived to be older than any of the gospel writers, therefore it is possible he was aware of the Synoptic gospels and thus wanted to compliment rather than produce a similar account. John brings out the spiritual significance more than the other gospels. 13] ‘There are more extended discourses in John and Jesus employs more rabbinical methods. ‘[14] John’s purpose of writing is found in John 20:31, ‘but these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in His name. ‘ He wrote to show that God was for the whole world, (3:16) and had worked through His chosen people, no w was working by Word become man. The few miracles that he describes can only be attributed to God Himself. He stresses Jesus’ deity, (1:1) Jesus is the Word, that is God who became man. Jesus confirms this verse by many â€Å"I am statements† for example: the bread of life, the light of the world. [15] These â€Å"I am† statements had an important meaning as they were the words God used when He spoke to Moses from the burning bush showing and proving His divinity. (Exodus 3:6). Throughout the gospel, he records the relationship of Father and Son. For example, those who hate the Son hate the Father, making it impossible to accept the Father if one is not a Christian (8:28) and (15:23). Some of these recordings may lead others to believe that the gospel was intended for the Jews. ) Common Ground All four gospels have recorded the witness of John the Baptist, the call and the instruction of the disciples, the feeding of the 5000, Peter’s confession of faith, the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his trial, condemnation and crucifixion, his resurrection from the dead on the third day, his resurrection appearances and his commissioning of his disciples among many others. [16] In addition there are numerous specific sayings which are common or appear in parallel form in all four gospels. There is also material only found in either one or two or three of the Synoptic gospels. There is material that is unique to Matthew, to Mark, to Luke and to John. Most Bible scholars agree that Mark is the earliest gospel and that it was used as a source by Matthew and Luke,[17] Matthew and Luke also used another hypothetical source called â€Å"Q†. [18] This priority of Mark would explain why the Synoptic gospels seem to share mostly the same view of their recorded events. g) Different Ground Some of the major differences in John is that he did not record Jesus' birth, wilderness test, transfiguration, parables as in the Synoptic gospels, the Lord’s supper and the agony in Gethsemane and he has more extended discourses. It could be that John used different sources or his knowledge and facts from his times as Jesus’ disciple. Some of the differences are caused by John concentrating on Jesus’ later ministry around Jerusalem during the temple feasts and the Synoptic gospels concentrate mainly on the earlier ministry in the north and around Galilee. 19] 3. Conclusion All four canonical gospels compliment one another, and present one and the same Person, Jesus the humanity’s redeemer. A Jewish audience in Matthew’s church would need to hear about how Jesus related to Judaism and a gentile in Mark or Luke’s church would want to hear the gospel presented in a way that addressed their lives and situations. When the writers were writing th ey had no idea their material would be used, included or arranged in the Bible as we know it. Therefore we can conclude that the purpose of the gospels, their unique styles and their relationship was to give a complete picture of who Jesus is and to relay the message of redemption. The differences have probably since been instrumental in attracting a diverse group of Christians to the church and in spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ. The Bible in its entirety is God-inspired and God-breathed. The triune God was actively involved in the revelation of His truth to the apostles and prophets who wrote it down. (2Timothy 3:16) Bibliography Bruce, F. F. , The New Testament Documents – Are they reliable? Grand rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 6th. edn. 1981). Drane, John, Inroducing the New Testament (Oxford, UK: Lion,1999). Garrard, David J. , New Testament Survey (Garrard and Mattersey Hall, 2006). House, Wayne H. , Chronological and Background Charts of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,1981). McClaflin, Mike, Life of Christ (Springfield, Missouri: Global University , 3rd. edn. 2000). Milne, Bruce, The Message of John (London, UK: Inter-Varsity_press, 1993). Radmarcher, Earl D. , Allen, Ronald B. & House, Wayne H. , (eds. ),Nelson's NKJV Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Nelson Bibles, 1997). Youngblood, Ronald F. , Bruce, F. F. & Harrison, R. K. , (eds. ), Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1995). By Sally Masamha 11 December 2009 ———————– [1] John, Drane, Introducing the New Testament (Oxford, UK: Lion,1999), 170 [2] Mike McClaflin, Life of Christ (Springfield, Missouri: Global University, 3rd. edn. 2000), 16 [3] Earl D. Radmarcher, Ronald B. Allen & Wayne H. House (eds. ),Nelson's NKJV Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Nelson Bibles, 1997), 1573 [4] McClaflin, Life of Christ, 18 [5] McClaflin, Life of Christ, 36 [6] Drane, 197 7] David Garrard, New Testament Survey (Garrard and Mattersey Hall: Mattersey, UK, 2006), 28 [8] Radmarcher, Allen & House (Nelson's NKJV Study Bible, 1997), 1637 [9] McClaflin, 41 [10] Wayne H. House, Chronological and Background Charts of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,1981), 96 [11] House, 92 [12] Radmarcher, Allen & House, 1683 [13] John, Drane, 2 08 [14] Bruce Milne, 21 [15] Radmarcher, Allen & House, 1754-1755 [16] Bruce Milne, 19-20 [17] F F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents – Are they reliable? (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 6th. edn. 1981), 27 [18] Mike McClaflin, 18 [19] Bruce Milne, 21

A Comparison of Strategies in Sports Marketing - 1976 Words

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The company kept focus best quality sho es for professional athletes as well as on jogging community and daily use sports products. Their successes lead to the loss in the market of the German company, Adidas. Nike’s popularity increases the selling of its product. In 1972 Phillip Knight started promoting Nike as sports brand and he became founder of the Nike with the support of Bill Bowerman (13). Later it started designing, marketing and distribution of athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for varieties of sports and fitness activities. Today Nike is the world’s leading company in the athletic footwear, apparel and accessories segment in the textile industry (4). Company overview of Adidas group Adidas was established by German Shoemaker Adi Dassler in Herzogenaurach. This brand focus on innovation and quality products that satisfy people’s excitement, and meet the physical challenges (13). 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