War on Terrorism Essay Example for Free

War on Terrorism EssayDuring the year 1998, a group of American neoconservatives openly wrote to president Clinton to attack Iraq. This group was known as the Committee for Peace and security measure in the Gulf. They were in real sense calling for the Americans to form part of a proxy army of attack for Israel. The signatories included Paul Wolforitz, Richard Perle and Eliot Abrams among others. Of course Clinton resisted these ventures and instead indicated support for the Iraq Liberation Act providing $ 97 million for training and equipping Iraki exile groups. Come 2000, this particular group went ahead to organize the think tank the Project for the New American Century con cofounded by the likes of hawkshaw Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Lewis Libby and Paul Wolforwitz (Flum, 2008). A Break with Previous join States Foreign and abnegation Policy During this time, three think tanks which were pro-Israel were championing similar ideas The Jewish Institute for national Security Affairs (JINSA), The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), as well as the Center for Security Policy (CSP).These neoconservatives formed an integral part of the scrubbing 2000 presidential campaign as foreign-policy advisors (Flum, 2008). At this point in time, these powerful personalities easily influenced Bush with the ideological obsessions they had. What can be said here is that the physical process Iraqi Freedom, a description given to the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U. S and affiliates represents a new dimension with regards to post- infringe humanist action.This new get along integrates security, human-centred response, reconstruction as well as governance under the umbrella of the Department of Defense. The war on terrorism represents a break with anterior United States foreign and vindication policy to the finish that the UN agencies and non governmental organizations which conventionally had coordinated and implemented humanitarian help as well as post conflict reconstruction activities, are now relegated only to playing supportive roles within efforts supervised from the Pentagon (Charny, 2003).Again the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy to the extent that the Iraq war is perceived as an expression of a new national security policy of pre-emptive self defense by the Bush administration (Charny, 2003). In spite of this new perception, it has there seems to be no public discussion of the long-term implications of the new approach to humanitarian assistance and post-conflict reconstruction the administration has embraced.Still, this break with the previous U. S foreign and defense policy is evident in the way humanitarian assistance has been militarized, the military given political, diplomatic and humanitarian responsibilities as well as the fact that donor government and independent agency contributions have been minimized. It has been argued that it is unclear the extent to which these new approaches can be considered new U. S doctrines more so regarding humanitarian emergencies.A discussion concerning NGOs with Joseph Collins, the assistant secretary of Defense and the person charged with running the pentagons Stability Office clearly suggests that at least in the meantime, the Department of Defense will lead humanitarian operations in emergencies surrounding the military. According to Dr. Collins, the taking over of the humanitarian and reconstruction activities in the post-conflict Iraq by the Pentagon is a reflection of the assessment of lessons learned from post-conflict reconstruction efforts (Charny, 2003).In the opinion of Dr Collins, there lacked a clear boilers suit self-assurance who could coordinate the diverse players like the government leaders, UN agencies and personnel, as well as the peacekeeping forces among others, thereby plaguing the efforts in Kosovo and Afghanistan. Following those events, the conclusion of the Penta gon was that there was a need for a single unit to command all the aspects of the post-conflict response, thus placing these activities in the hands of the Department of Defense (Charny, 2003).This is a further illustration of the way the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy. Conclusion In the final analysis, all these attempts represent a radical shift in the multicultural character of post-conflict endeavors over the past years in areas like Cambodia, East Timor, Afghanistan and the Balkans. It therefore means that the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy.It should be noted however that this approach has not yielded positive results in Iraq. The Pentagons Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) did not include the UN and the NGOs during its pre-war planning. The overall implication for this has been the ORHAs slowness in restoring basic services as well as its failure to establish a legitimate Iraqi authority to locally run the state (Charny, 2003).ReferencesCharny, J. R. (2003). The United States in Iraq An Experiment With Unilateral Humanitarianism. Institute for Policy Studies, (IPS) Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from http//www. fpif. org/ definition/2003/0306dodreconst_body. html Flum, P. (2008). The Origins of the Iraqi War The Neoconservative Agenda for Middle East Conflict. Linpage Place, St. Louis. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from http//www. goalsforamericans. org/2004/07/07/the-origins-of-the-iraq-war-the-neoconservative-agenda-for-middle-east-conflict/

El Salvador A Country Report Essay Example for Free

El Salvador A Country Report EssayIntroductionEl Salvador or the delivery boy as the ready passel be translated is a very surprisingly unique pastoral. El Salvador is a sphere of m both great geographical sites, a strange history, a blackened economic state, and an incredible agricultural base. The rural area has undergone mevery changes throughout its history. It was real, owned, and operated by many an(prenominal) different pack and miscellaneas of g everywherenment. This ? undercoat of volcanoes? or ?the Savior? has been take saving of its own for quite some time. 2.0 Geography The nickname for this environmentally hazardous rustic, ? enter of volcanoes? serves El Salvador properly. El Salvador is the menialest of all primal American countries having a land area of only 21,041 sq. km (ecst.csuchico.edu). The country is likewise the only in Central America not to occupy more than one ocean border, being only found on the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador is contained n ot only by the Pacific Ocean, but also by the two neighbor countries of Honduras and Guatemala. El Salvador is known more for it?s two mountain ranges both running east to west. The northern most range known as sierra Madre that draws the border between El Salvador and Honduras. The southern range is a carcassation of many continuous volcanoes both active and silent. These volcanoes supply El Salvador with its rich crud making it possible for the great exportation of java.Climate change in El Salvador occurs more due to elevation variations than by seasonal change. During a calendar year Salvadorians can expect only a four-degree Celsius change due to seasons. The greater change in temperature occurs due to the different elevations. The two mountain ranges care very the climate and land usage of the country. El Salvador harps of a narrow coastal plain, two steep mountain ranges and a central plateau, which is at 600m in a higher place sea level. This plateau is only 25% of the landmass in El Salvador however, it contains the bulk of the countries universe of discourse. Due to everywhere exploitation the country has become semi-barren, and less of the land is of use.El Salvador is a very geographical diverse country. It possesses the same geographical features of the U.S., but all in the same land area as RhodeIsland. The country has become very over populated and has begun to exhaust its resources.3.0 Pre-Columbian CulturesBefore Spain move men to explore and claim the countries of Central America native hoi polloi occupied the land. These peck where known as the Pipil. However, it is believed, due to archeological assessments that even before the Pipil natives of Central America known as the Mayas and Olmec occupied the land. The Mayas and Olmecs were believed to occupy the land until the 11th Century when the Pipil appeared following the collapse of the Mayan empire.The Pipil mint were of a very strong and fierce origin. They were very good out lying(prenominal)mers and lived mostly on Maize. The Pipil had many midget urban centers and a very integrated linked society. The Pipil people lived in their land for over 500 years. After that time Spain was introduced to their country and soon their exemption was lost.4.0 ConquestSpain had come to Central America seeking riches, and any landmass that could have that quality they would conquer and claim for the crown. Pedro de Alvarado a conquistador and Lieutenant under Hernan Cortes entered El Salvador in 1524 to conquer the land. However, due to the fierceness of the Pipil people Spain had to return in 1525 and again in 1528 to finally lay claim to the country.Spain found little wealth in the substance of gold and other valuable metals in El Salvador however, they learned how great a benefit the rich soil of the volcanic country could be to agriculture. Spain soon after their conquest enslaved the Pipil people and forced them into an encomienda frame of farming. The encomien da system soon lost favor with the crown and was replaced with repartiemento. Spain developed the country with this system and produced a great deal of wealth during the 17th century in agriculture.5.0 AgricultureAgriculture is the foundation that El Salvador has been built upon throughout its entire history. Whether it was the Pipil people utilizing the rich soil or Spain controlling the land much wealth wasobtained in the country.5.01 IndigenousThe Pipil people lived as farmers and hunters in the country before any intruders appeared. They sustained their lives on crops such as maize, bananas, and other tropical foods. They traded these crops among one another and were able to be self-sufficient for many years. After the entrance of Spain to the country the natives were forced to work as slaves for the betterment of others. Spain introduced products such as coffee, cotton, and indigo to El Salvador. They found that the rich soil could produce coffee greater than any other country they had conquered precedent to El Salvador. During the 17th century agriculture boomed in El Salvador, gluttony fil guide Spain with the wealth from coffee and thus began the drop of the Salvadorian economy.5.02 PresentEl Salvador produced many types of crops throughout its history such as henequen and cotton, but the country always centered itself on coffee production. Today, El Salvador produces far more coffee than any other crop in the country. Amid the twentieth century, 95% of the countries income came from the exportation of coffee. This income was distributed over only 14 families (roughly 2% of population) whose influence has been seen over the countries history (Class Handout). In this way El Salvador takes on many similar traits of other Central American countries.6.0 IndependenceSpain occupied the country for nearly ccc years throughout which they enslaved and persecuted the native people of El Salvador. Land control was only a dream in the eyes of the former owners. The influence of the roman Catholic Church soon brought hopes of a revolution to the Indian people of El Salvador. In 1811 Father Jose Matias Delgado, a catholic priest led a revolt against Spain however, with the great power of the crown against them it did not prove successful.Meanwhile in Spain, Napoleon led an invasion into the country reverting attention away(predicate) from Central America and allowing El Salvador to eventually gain a limited amount of independence in 1821. Even though independence was given to the Salvadorian during this time, people land control stillremained in the hands of a couple of(prenominal). This led to an Indian rebellion in 1833 brought about by a mestizo, Anastasio Aquino. Eventually in 1841, El Salvador found its independence by the introduction of the Central American Fede ration. This was an alliance against Spain of neighboring Central American countries seeking their independence. Thus began the history of El Salvador, which led to many ci vil wars, conflicts, and disputes among other countries and itself.7.0 Economics in El SalvadorEl Salvador has seen many changes throughout its history, both politically and efficiently. El Salvador has followed the majority of Central American countries by making itself a dependent on one or two exportable goods. The country has also faced many conflicts in government activity and environmental hazards. El Salvador?s economy has inevitably been destined for the worse by the countries governing order.7.01 ColonialBefore the invasion of the conquistadors into the country the Pipil lived a attractive and peaceful life of trade. The Pipil obtained many small urban centers in which trade among them proved successful. They did not have a monetary unit but rather bartered for what they desired. They lived a self-sufficient life only producing their needs. The Pipil people may have evolved and become a worthy heritage in the world if they had not been conquered by the conquistadors of Spain.7.02 Early (1820-1920)Soon El Salvador and the rich soil of the land were under Spanish control. Spain found great profit in the enrichment of the land. Coffee, indigo, and cotton yielded greater than they had seen prior to conquest. Spain felt that this was equal to the gold and other values found in the countries surrounding El Salvador. During the 17th century the agriculture of El Salvador was of great wealth, and Spain indulged upon it. The Spaniards developed many haciendas to expand their crops this involved many Indian people to subdue to the work needed. The first evidence of primate cities developed during this time. This would sooner lead to an unexpected need for imported goods and a profound lack of self-efficiency.7.03 Mid (1920-1980)During and after El Salvador?s independence the countryfound itself depending console upon the growth of the coffee crop. 95% of the countries exports depended upon coffee, but still only 2% of the population controlled the wealth (L onely Planet). The Salvadorians exhausted themselves upon focusing on this item and developed no other inwardness of exportation. Amid the first and second world wars Central America was abandoned by the rest of the world and forced to find a way to survive among themselves. This brought upon industrialisation to the forgotten world, and El Salvador attempted to follow the plan. The country produced only the essential items for survival, and chose rather to fight civilly for control of the country.El Salvador faced many disputes during this time, and many forms of leadership. Democracies, civil wars, peasant uprisings, and Military Coups were among the problems that the country faced. It was only during the later years of the countries history that true leadership was developed, and a greater economic scheme was gained.7.04 1980-Present primate cities have know become a monumental part of Salvadorian economy. These few and large cities have been growing without any way of life of renewal. The country finds itself now separate by wealth and indigence. The fourteen families mentioned before were still controlling the majority of the coffee production and with no found wealth in industrialization El Salvador was growing in debt.The national debt of El Salvador has only grown over the countries history. This is from the foreign aid supplied to the country to help with recovery of natural disasters, and in the form of military aid. Due to El Salvador?s placement in the world it has been faced by many environmental hazards. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides due to extreme pelting give threat to this debt. Also in 1998 El Salvador fell victim to hurricane Mitch. Mitch destroyed not only many of the profitable livestock and agricultural farms of Central America, but also devastated many lives of the people living in its path. El Salvador lost 95% of its banana crop and one third of the countries beef kine industry (Class Handout). This crushed the already terrible state of the Salvadorian economy and only added to theincreasing national debt.Some current facts in the economic stability of El Salvador can be seen in the following. The currency of the country is known as the collone. Eleven collones is roughly equivalent to one U.S. dollar. The exportation of goods to the U.S. each year equals $732 million. Where as the importation of goods from the U.S. each year equals $1.789 billion dollars. The GDP of El Salvador is $5.9 billion U.S. each year. This is only $1,003 U.S. per capita. The growth rate of the GDP is currently at 5.0%, and has been always increasing. However, even with the GDP on an upswing for El Salvador the debt to the U.S. has also increased to $2.1 billion U.S (cia.gov). These tote ups show that with El Salvador?s population, and the amount of GDP to the country that few people have great wealth and even more are in poverty.8.0 PopulationEl Salvador is a very densely populated country. The majority of the p eople in El Salvador live in only 25% of the total land mass known as the central plateau. The total population is over 6.2 million with a growth rate of 2.3% (Cia.gov). This population will be doubled in 30 years. Due to the growth rate portion the country is caught between the second and third categories in the demographic chart, but primarily they still are evolving in the second. With this great a number of people in such a small area poverty is unavoidable.8.01 UrbanizationUrbanization has not been a large issue with El Salvador. Although some of their large primate cities carry a large percent of the population, such as San Salvador the capital that holds 1.5 million people, many people chose to stay in rural areas. The ratio of the urban population to rural population is 32. This ratio could be explained due to the need for agricultural revenue, and the need for people to create that revenue. With the extent of the over population of El Salvador many people have been forced to find other means of income and a safer home.8.02 MigrationOver population and greed have created poverty in El Salvador and a need for new revenue. This is why much of the income from the countryconsists of wages paid from the United States to migrant workers fleeing from El Salvador. $1.3 billion U.S. was sent to families of these seasonal migrant workers in El Salvador. This allows those living in El Salvador to find a little hope in their country and a means of better living.During, much of the time of the civil wars and poverty states of El Salvador many of the countries people began to migrate to Honduras. This appeared to be allowed at first until a wide splay amount of migration occurred. The great amount of people fleeing to Honduras soon became a problem and great tension rose between the two neighboring countries. This accounted for the great soccer riot in 1969 brought upon through allegations that were made about mistreatment of Salvadorian people by the Honduras pop ulation.9.0 U.S. InterventionThe United States has always been concerned with the matters of other countries, particularly by the form of the government. When it became obvious that El Salvador may fall into left wing ideals to help with the poverty level in the country the U.S. reacted. It was during the Carter administration that this occurred and Jimmy?s final result was to fund right-wing guerillas in the country. These guerillas were know as the FMLN (Frente Marti Liberacion Nacional) named after an executed leader who brought reforms to the country and a democracy in the early to mid 20th century. Carter soon withdrew his funding after hearing of misuse of the military power by the FMLN.The FMLN became mongers and began to hurt innocent people and become weedyr in comparability to their socialist enemy. With a suspension of the funding the country fell back into turmoil and was once again caught in left-wing ideals. It was during the Reagan administration that the funding re turned with close watch. Soon the guerillas were able to gain control, and force what was to be marked the first time in 50 years that a democratically elected prexy was named. This man was Alfredo Magana, and he brought some control and leadership to this war shaken country (Encyc. Of Latin-American Hist.).The U.S. has also been involved with El Salvador in other ways. The U.S. is the number one importer of Salvadorian goods mainly coffee. Also due to the great devastation in the country by natural disasters the U.S. has givenforeign aid to help construct the economy and lives of the people. If El Salvador can maintain this relationship with the U.S. the countries future is bound to look better than it?s past.10.0 GlobalizationThe world is a growing economical structure that every country wants to be a part of, and with growing concern about each countries role a hope for globalization can be seen. El Salvador is attempting to do its part in becoming a companion with globalization , during the end of the 20th century the maquiladora system was approached by El Salvador. These small manufacturing companies account for a major part of the countries GDP. These companies are also followed by new trade reforms with other neighboring countries. Trade with U.S. has only improved over the last few years. If El Salvador keeps improving on the relations with its neighboring countries then it may be a substantial part of the world economy.11.0 former(a) Facts and ConclusionIn conclusion, here are some other known facts about the country of El Salvador. In January of 2001 El Salvador faced a waste earthquake. The quake caused 250,000 Salvadorians to become homeless, and also severely eroded the landscape (Lonely Planet.com). Some of the native animals of the country consist of many butterflies, deer, toucans, and monkeys. The adult literacy of the country is at 73% and growing (memory.loc.gov). 86% of the country follows the Roman Catholic religion. The ethnic backgroun d of the country is mainly mestizo, which is a mixture of Indian, white, and black (Latin America). Some of the favorite foods consist of casamiento (rice and beans) and pupusas, which is a stuffed wrap.El Salvador is a very unique country that wishes to find its niche in the world. Through much turmoil and disputes the country has for now hold a solid government. With the continuation of good soil and less erosion the agricultural state of the country will continue to prosper. However, with increasing population the country suffers a loss in GDP, and will only gain a profitable state with better living, less poverty, and other means of income. El Salvador ?the Savior? a country whose history speaks for itself will need outside aid for some years to come.Selected Illustrations El Salvador?s Flag The Country of El Salvador Henequin also a Salvadorian Crop Example of El Salvador?s Terran San Salvador the Capital of El Salvador

Effects Of Mangrove Destruction In Mumbai Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of mangrove demolition In Mumbai Environmental Sciences Es introduceRapid expansion of urban spaces has caused ram on fragile ecosystem of the city. Uneven growth of variant localitys has made migration a serious challenge. Increasing population growth of metropolitan has created concretization of island city and clearing of life-sustaining vegetationl resources.Thousands of people from various part of the country come to Mumbai e precise month. Around 43 per cent of citys population considered to be migrant. The predominant migrants argon of coarse origin, coming from various parts of the country, with two-third to three-fourths of all migrants belonging to this category. There atomic number 18 migrants from other countries as well but these allow been less than unmatchable per cent since 1981 (Census 2001). This trend migration is a Destruction of mangrove that was the habitat of several species of oceanrches keep back combined to leave the citys fisher folk of nigh 50,075 (Marine Fisheries Census 2005) gasping for survival. Among various reasons economic f affectors feel been the major cause for migration to Mumbai. About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the main motive behind their movement. The data show that the pace of migrants in search for better employment has been higher in the late 1990s. Social reasons such as marriage and accompanying the family constituted about 90 per cent of female migration. (Singh 2001)Population pressure is continuously increasing in the soaringal argona, so because of this expanding population mangrove is facing evidential pressure of destruction. Mangroves energise been cle ard and degraded on an alarming scale during the past four decades (Valiela et al., 2001 Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003 Duke et al., 2007), yet they remain an measurable source of wood and aliment products and provide vitally important environmental services for coastal communities throughout the tropics (Balmford et al., 2002).Climate and RainfallKolis of MumbaiKolis argon the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and be the original inhabitants of the island city. fish is still the main source of their livelihood. The interesting fact is that, Mumbai is derived from the Koli word, Mumba, which means goddess of peeing. Several records reveal that Kolis have been ensnare in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the withstand Origin of Mumbai describes old Mumbai as the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to have occupied the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the prominent ones are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. Kolis are divided into two occupational classesDolkarsVatsadDolkars are usually rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. Dolkars practice fishing on large scale Vatsads, who are a unretentive class of fishermen usually in the employ of the richer members of the community. Men are broadly speaking engaged in fishing while, women take care of housing activities and selling of fish in the local market. Lot of their daily activities depend on the fishing season and tidal movement. Koli is the main language spoken by the community, Marathi is a nonher oft used language among Kolis.What are Mangroves?Mangroves are a group of trees, handles, shrubs, vines and ferns that share a common ability to live in waterlogged saline soil. These plants have developed unusual adaptations to the unique environmental conditions in which they are found. Mangrove can be typically refered to an individual species. Terms such as mangrove ecosystem, mangrove woodwind, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are used interchangeably to describe the entire mangrove community (Smithsonian Inst. 1996). There are around 80 species of mangroves found throughout the world (Saenger et al., 1983). Mostly they communicate at bottom tropical and subtropical coastal ar eas subjected to tidal impact. Tidal area can be interpreted to mean a shoreline inundated by the extremes of tides, or it can more widely refer to river-bank communities where tides cause some fluctuation in water level but no change in salinity (Tomlinson, 1986).There are mainly two types of mangrove exclusive and non-exclusive. Exclusive mangroves are the largest group, comprising around 60 species (Saenger et al., 1983). These mangroves are confined to intertidal areas. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. Non-exclusive mangroves differ from the exclusive mangrove in the sense that these grow sooner in drier and more terrestrial areas.Features of MangroveMangrove DistributionMangrove forests comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal areas, and once occupied around 75% of tropical coasts and inlets (Ellison 1997). Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Mangroves are found throughout the world between latitudes 32N and 38S. The upper and lower limits of this flap are determined by temperature (Chapman, 1976 Tomlinson, 1986).Source(Source ENVIS, 2008)Mangrove Distribution in IndiaAccording to the Government of India, the rack up area of the mangroves in India was around at 6,740 sq. Km. this covered about 7% of the world mangroves (Krishnamurthy, 1987) and about 8% of the Indian coastline (Untawale, 1987). But recent 2005 data of accompany of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. km. mangrove areas in India. Out of the total acreage, 57% of the mangroves are found on the East Coast, 23% on the west coast and the stay 20% on Andaman and Nicobar Islands. knock back State/UT wise Mangrove Cover Mangrove Cover Assessment 2001(Area in sq. km.)SL No.State/UTDenseOpenTotal% of Geographical Area1Andhra Pradesh143193330.122Goa5050.143Gujrat1847279110.464Karnataka2020.0015Maharahstra90281180.046Orissa194252191.397Tamil Nadu1013230.028West Bengal165143020812.349Andaman and Nicobar709807899.5610P ondichery0110.21Total2859162344820.14(Source ENVIS, 2008)Mangrove Distribution in MaharashtraMaharashtra has 720 km long coastline, which has various characteristic features of beaches and rocky cliffs flanked by estuaries and patches of mangroves. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52N and 20 10N and longitude 72 10E and 73 10E and falls under five districts of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. The mangroves of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the west coast and according to the Forest Survey of India (FSI) covered 116 sq. km in 2003. The area under mangroves in Maharashtra was 200 sq. km. in 1972-75, which cut back to 108 sq. km. in 1997.Mangroves of MumbaiMangrove on the coast of Mumbai al slipway faced the challenge of various anthropogenic activities over the decade. In early nineties around 37 sq.km. Of mangrove existed in Mumbai, mostly in Versova, Gorai, Mahim creek, Thane and Ghodbunder. Some sparsely covered patches of mangrove are also found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill.The most commonly occurring species of mangrove in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the just about 60 per cent of species diversity. The characteristic feature of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salinity area. This species also tole rank pollution including heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium.Table Some of the commonly found mangroves in Mumbai(Source Kulkarni, 2007)TemperatureMangroves mostly occur in areas where the average temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20C and the seasonal range does not exceed 10C. Lower temperature and frost also limits the growth and distribution of mangrove (Tomlinson, 1986).Rainfallcoastal areas which receive ample amount of rainfall, heavy overflow and seepage into the intertidal zone from the hinterland are most suitable for mangrove. These areas receive extensive sedimentation which provides huge quantity of alimentals, which in turn are favourable f or mangrove growth (Tomlinson, 1986).Importance of MangroveMultifaceted enormousness of mangrove has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since hundreds of years. Importance of mangrove can be broadly classified under following headsEcological ImportanceMangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the world. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of numerous varieties of flora and fauna. Mangrove forest consist of seventy taxonomically diverse tree, shrub, palm and fern species under twenty-seven genera, twenty families, and nine orders that share a suite of convergent adaptations to saline, anoxic habitats (e.g. Tomlinson, 1986 Stewart Popp, 1987 Ball, 1988 Duke et al, 1998).Economic ImportanceMangroves provide a vast range of wood and non-wood forest products which are of good economic value such as timber, fuel wood, medicine, thatch, honey, fodder, charcoal etc.Legislative Framework for Conservatio n and care of Mangrove in IndiaThe Indian Forest Act, 1927 Provide protection to flora and fauna. The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans, which have been declare as a Reserved Area.The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Provide protection to flora and fauna. Although they do not specifically mention mangroves, these acts can also apply to the conservation of the flora and fauna of mangrove ecosystem.The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 States that No forest area shall be diverted for any non-forestry think without prior approval of the Government of India. This act has proved very powerful in preventing diversion of mangrove forest area for non-forestry purpose.Coast Guard Act, 1978 The concern for Marine and Coastal waters has direct to formation of a special force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should combat oil pollution beyond 5 km in the sea and perform surveillance duty against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker.The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 It has a crucial utilisation in the Conservation and direction of mangrove ecosystem. It declares a Coastal Regulation Zone notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as give the sack of untreated water and effluents, dumping of waste and land reclamation are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment.Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation ZoneIt is stipulated that in case of mangrove with an area of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 m Mangrove is a tropical tree exploitation, along the coast and requires saline water for its growth. Expert in this field say that mangrove are very important along the coast for breaking of tides and it is valuable resources having several direct uses. Hence proper the protection of mangrove is very important. (Chauhan, 2004)Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone(a) Setting of new industries and expansion of exist ing industries (except those directly related to waterfront or directly needing for shore facilities).(b) Manufacture, handling, computer memory or disposal of hazardous substances.(c) Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing(d) Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities and other human settlements.(e) Dumping of cities and townspeople wastes for the purpose of land filling.(f) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power station.(g) Land reclamation bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater with similar obstructions except those required for control of coastal erosion.(h) Mining of sands, rocks and others sub strain materials except other minerals not available outside the CRZ areas.(i) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive areas.(j) Any construction activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted areas.(k) Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills natural features includi ng landscape changes.Regulation of Permissible Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone1. Clearance shall be given for any activities within the CRZ if it requires waterfronts and fore shore facilities.2. The following activities will require environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. of India.a) Construction activities related to defence requirements for which fore shore facilities are required (e.g. Jetties etc.).b) Operational constructions for ports and harbours and lighthouses requiring water frontage Jetty, waves quays etc.c) Thermal Power Plants (only foreshore facilities for transport of raw materials for intake of cooling water and out fall for discharge of treated waste water).d) All other activities with investment exceeding rupees Five Crores.3. a) The Coastal states and Union territory Administration shall prepare Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and approval be taken from Central Govt. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment.b) Wi thin the Framework of such approval plans the State Govt./U.T. Administration or local Authorities shall regulate all development and activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone.Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in various parts of Mumbai Metropolitan region. Several environmental activists have raised the voice against these violations.Coastal area is vital to the prosperity of country and usually most productive areas, keep a wealth of nautical resources. With rapid industrialization, urbanization, resultant pollutions and depleting resources along the coast have resulted in degradation of coastal ecosystem and diminishing the living resources. Environmentally effective coastal zone management requires accurate, up to date and comprehensive scientific data on which policy decision can be used.Mangrove Destruction and its ImpactImportance of mangrove has been recognised by various stakeholders of the society viz. scientists, government, local populations of bio tic and socioeconomic services. Accurate estimates of global deforestation rates of mangroves are not available its well-known environmental and socioeconomic impacts are observed and increasingly documented in coastal communities that depend directly on mangroves, and in upland communities with economic links to the coast.The ancient cause of destruction throughout the world is clear cutting, illegal dumping and reclamation these are carried for the purpose of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban expansion, and resort development and have threatened the majority of mangrove ecosystem. This destruction exacerbating economic stress of largely low-income, fast growing local population, who are driven to exploit mangroves despite clear signs of degradation.Mangrove forests are a source of livelihood for thousands of coastal communities in developing countries planetary these communities traditionally harvest fish, shrimp, timber, non-timber forest Products, and fuel wood from them. The importance of the mangrove ecosystem transcends provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. However, these services are diminishing globally, most especially the provisioning service, and this is displace the livelihoods of coastal communities at risk and increasing their vulnerability to tropical storms and surges. These trends are the outcome of mounting anthropogenic activities such as brackish water aquaculture, mangrove forest clearing for infrastructure development and varied levels of harvesting for subsistence.Because of these pressures, mangroves in coastal tropical developing countries are being degraded for instance, 20-30% of mangrove forests have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 (UNEP-WCMC, 2007).Mangrove and FishingLinkages Between Mangrove and FishingFishes and invertebrates use estuarine and inshore habitats in a number of ways some are only occasional visitors some use them only at certain life s tages, whereas others reside permanently in the estuaries (Lenanton putter 1987, Potter et al. 1990, Potter Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999).There are various groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinct association with mangrove. Fishes which are found occasionally in estuaries are termed as oceanic stragglers (Potter Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999) and these stragglers have least dependence on estuaries.There are species which uses estuaries and inshore regions for significant time period especially during juvenile stage only. In some ocean species juveniles are only found in mangroves and these are termed as mangrove dependent species e.g., banana prawn P. merguiensis (Staples et al. 1985, Vance et al. 1996). Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine water also use mangrove habitats at certain life stages e.g., barramundi Lates calcarifer (Russell Garrett 1983). Some species spend their entire life cycle in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species.Th e importance of mangrove for sustaining production of fishery in coastal ecosystem is a widely held paradigm that mangroves act as important nursery sites for fisheries species. The function of mangroves as nursery sites is widely accepted (e.g., Blaber 2000, Kathiresan Bingham 2001) and this paradigm is used for important management decisions on habitat conservation and restoration of mangrove (Beck et al. 2001). There are also theories that states area of mangrove habitat in an estuary translates to the secondary production and childs play of commercial fisheries (Baran 1999). There are clear cases of instance which depict the correlation between the magnitude of commercial finfish catches and the extent of mangroves. For example, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlation was found between mangrove area and the catch of four families of commercial fish (Paw Chua 1991).Freshwater Mangrove MarineFreshwater Mangrove MarineFigure Number of fish and shrimp species occur ring in freshwater, marine and mangrove ecosystem showing higher species diversity in the mangroves (Islam Haque 2005).Mangrove as nursery site for fishesMangroves and estuaries share characteristic features such as shallow water, reduced wave action, high organic content in the sediment, high primary production and protection from predators, which may all contribute to their role as nurseries. glasshouse areas for fishes have been regarded as any areas inhabited by the juveniles, often with the adults living in separate habitats. But, this definition of nursery is challenged by Beck et al, (2001) he proposes a several(predicate) picture of fish nurseries a habitat is a nursery for juveniles of a particular species if its contribution per unit area to the production of individuals that recruit to adult populations is greater, on average, than production from other habitats in which juveniles occur. According to this definition nursery is that part of habitat area of juvenile whic h are most productive in toll of supply of recruits to adult populations and, therefore, to fisheries.Based on the reproductive pattern and its association with the mangrove fishes can be classified into following four categoriesa) Regular spawnersThe spawning exertion of the species occurs regularly in the mangrove. The species are not necessarily resident in the region, but they always use it to spawn. e.g. S. rastrifer, B. Ronchusb) Occasional spawnersThe spawning activity in the mangrove is but occasional. This region can be used to spawn, but there is no evidence that a great number of individuals in this group of species use it. These species are not as abundant in the mangrove as those of regular spawners. e.g. C. parallelus, C. edentulusc) Matures in systemThe spawning activity of the species does not occur in the mangrove, but this region is frequented regularly during the final phase of maturation. e.g. I. Parvipinnisd) Do not mature in systemThe spawning activity does not occur in the mangrove, and the gonadal maturation, if present, does not occur in many individual. e.g. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensisThe exact role of mangroves as nurseries are not well understood but a number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain this role (Robertson Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000). The three main hypotheses are that mangroves provide juveniles with(1) Refuge from predatorsNumerous piscivorous fish enter mangrove during the high tide period (Blaber et al. 1989, Vance et al. 1996) hence littler fishes escape their predators by entering in mangrove. This is attributed by various factors structural complexity of submerged vegetation, shallow water and turbidity can give significant refuges from predators, especially for small, mobile animals (Robertson Duke 1987, Robertson Blaber 1992).Mangroves provide the protection from feed in by structural complexity as mangrove habitat is very complex structurally because of pneumatophores and locomote debris (lea ves, branches and logs), prop roots, buttresses and branches. These structures provide protection in various ways by reducing prey visibility, by lowering encounter rate of prey and predator, and by limiting the ability of predator to search for and capture prey (Rnnbck et al. 1999).Shallow water condition does not favour the entry of large predators thus providing another form of refuse for small fishes and crustaceans (Boesch Turner 1984, Blaber 2000). It has been observed at various places that small fishes and prawns moved into more shallow waters while bigger predatory fishes remained in deeper water at the fringes of the mangroves.High turbidity and shade beneath the mangrove canopy decreases the underwater visibility. The turbid and shaded water often found around mangroves may therefore provide an additional refuge from visual predators (Blaber Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999). Juvenile fishes get attracted to turbid areas and may use the turbidity gradient to lay nursery are as. Abundances of some fish species have been found to be higher in areas of higher turbidity (Blaber 2000).Figure Conceptual schematic diagram of the nutrient and energy fluxes in self-sustained mangrove ecosystem and the interaction of mangrove with adjacent freshwater and offshore marine ecosystem.(Source Islam Haque, 2005)(2) Abundance of food alimental content and primary productivity are usually very high in mangrove area and food availability is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal habitats. Nutrient comes to the mangrove system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove area by trapping. Primary productivity in the mangrove forest itself attributed to several sources including epiphytes, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthic microalgae (Rnnbck 1999). Various fishes consume most of their feed when they come to the mangrove area. Primary productivity in mangrove forest forms the basis of a food web supplying abundant and varie d trophic resources to higher consumers (Baran Hambrey 1998).Mangrove forest spring up litter throughput the year, they have the ability to produce large quantities of litter, ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 kg dry weight/ ha/ year (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984). Most creatures are unable to assimilate this directly and require bacterial enrichment before consumption. However, sesarmid channelize can directly consume mangrove litter and/or store 30-80% of the litterfall (Rnnbck 1999). These crabs are eaten by fishes, creating a pathway for mangrove nutrients to enter food webs.(3) Shelter from physical disturbancesMangrove habitat is the area of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. This provides the small juvenile fishes benign physical environment to settle. Mangrove presence increases the residence time of water, especially in flat, wide mangroves with complex waterways (Wolanski Ridd 1986).The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana prawns Pena eus merguiensis and P. indicus ), are found exclusively in mangrove ecosystem (Staples et al. 1985, Vance et al. 1998, Rnnbck et al. 2002) and are described as highly mangrove-dependent.It has been established from various studies that about two third of worlds fish and shellfish harvest are directly linked to estuarine habitat (Robertson Blaber 1992).Rnnbck (1999) listed the proportion of mangrove-related species in fisheries in various parts of the worldGeographical Location% of fishes dependent on mangroveFiji60Florida80India60Eastern Australia70Malacca Strait49Southeast Asian countriesFish 30 (Prawn 100%)Malaysia32Philippines72Products of Mangrove Ecosystem(Source Saenger et al, 1983)Mangroves of MumbaiMangrove DestructionVarious studies confirm the destruction of mangrove throughout the globe and in particular have focused on estimating the total area cleared, rate of clearing, loss of sediments and erosion (Hatcher et al. 1989, Valiela et al. 2001, Alongi 2002).Figure Proport ion of existing global mangrove areas and areas in the South and Southeast Asia(Source Islam Haque, 2005)

The Serious Dangers Of Using Facebook English Language Essay

The Serious Dangers Of Using Facebook English Language EssayAfter reading countless of hubs that talk almost the joys and features of using face upbook. Some pointing out the shipway on how you grass market and network on there, while others talk about whatsoever of the interesting features wish well the games and stuff. Indeed, it seems Facebook has become the largest online social network in the world, even over its competitor Myspace that was to begin with the first online social network. However, Facebook has mastered Myspaces concept and turned into something to a capaciouser extent. Now, with a new film coming out called, societal Network, it seems Facebook is well on its way to becoming almost as big of a site as Google.However, with all easily things, theres also a take of dangers great deal arnt aware of on Facebook that they need to bed. Sure, other hubs go out tell you about the joys and features Facebook promises but in this hub, youll find out the cons to using Facebook and what steps you stomach do to protect yourself online.http//s1.hubimg.com/u/3842068_f520.jpghttp//s2.hubimg.com/u/3842081_f520.jpgFBI WiretappingIn light of the horrific events of 9/11, the government started wiretapping certain phone lines and internet networks to monitor certain good deal that might be involved in terrorist activities. Therefore, you shouldnt stick out anything on Facebook that might be deemed questionable, even if you were only saying it as a joke. Seriously, righteous jest around with people, on your customary Facebook page, about a bomb OR saying how you wish you could blow up or physically hurt someone, canister be use against you. As the FBI according to various sources on MSN and yahoo, claim that the FBI has several clam up accounts online, and Facebook is one of them.This brings me up to my next point, everyone you meet on Facebook, unless you met them face to face, not all of them are going to be who you claim they are. Therefore , if you admit to something illegal to a person you just met that alike(p) day on Facebook, thus that person could put out a warrant for your arrest, as he/she might be an FBI agent spying on you. Thats right. FBI agents do have dummy accounts on Facebook so unless your absolutely sure the person your talking to is trustworthy, therefore its credibly not a good idea to tell this person anything more than they need to know about you. Nor is it a good idea to use questionable humor even if you dont mean it care, hey lets go out and smoke some weed. Yeah, just pray the guy/girl your talking to isnt an FBI agent if you say that, as your so going to jail for even joking about something like that.http//s2.hubimg.com/u/3842129_f520.jpghttp//s1.hubimg.com/u/3842132_f520.jpghttp//s4.hubimg.com/u/3842135_f520.jpgStalkers and Child PredatorsAs I said earlier, not everyone online is who they say they are. Thats why this is extremely important to look upon. As the film, Social Network, sugg ests, Facebook was originally designed for people to check up and keep in touch with their friends. Although you dont necessarily have to limit the number of friends you have on Facebook to just the people you know in real life, but you can tag on anyone you might meet online as well. Heck, some groups use Facebook to do online networking like indie bands or even hubpage users on hubpages. This is why you should be careful of what you say online.Sure, you can always resolve this manage easily by setting your profile from universe to private when you adjust your settings. This way only your friends that are on your Facebook page will see all your posts, and it might be take up to only come people that you know in real life. However, if you like to use Facebook for online networking for your hubs and other affiliated sites, therefore please be careful not to give external anything specific like your address, full name, or even where your going on vacation. Trust me, according t o various online reports, stalkers and child predators do monitor public Facebook pages so if you say something along the lines ofHey, me and my four year old son are going to go to the central honey oil zoo, in Philadelphia at 300 p.m, then your just asking for touch. You might as well just say, Hey, any of you muggers, rapist, pedophiles and serial killers sine qua non us, then meet us at the central park zoo, in Philadelphia at three. You see how that works?Therefore, you should never give away anything specifically about yourself online that would allow a dangerous person to follow you. Sure, if you want to keep your Facebook page public because your trying to promote your indie band, and you want to have complete coverage of your shows and tours for your fans, then thats fine. Just dont give away anything as well personal that would allow a stalker to follow you like what specific hotel you might be staying at on tour, or a mailing address. If you must(prenominal) put an ad dress to receive fan mail, then list an e-mail or a P.O. Box. This way, you can still receive fan mail, without the dangers of people keen where you live. http//s4.hubimg.com/u/3895783_f520.jpghttp//s1.hubimg.com/u/3895784_f520.jpghttp//s2.hubimg.com/u/3895785_f520.jpgBurglars and RobberiesThis brings me to my next point, robberies. Its no secret that burglars will often scout neighborhoods for which steads have the most money, as well as the ones that are the safest to rob. In fact, most burglars will never rob a house that has a big dog protecting it or if they know theres a soused possibility of getting caught, as burglars dont want to risk getting hurt. This is just another reason why you should never put your full address or name on Facebook, as it only makes it easier for burgulars to find out where you live and monitor your house frequently, to figure out the best times to rob you.Of course, it doesnt admirer when you type down your schedule on social networks like Hey A l, Im going to be leaving out of town tomorrow on business. I wont be back for about a week, so Ill call you later when I get back. Well, thats just asking for even more trouble right there. As you might as well say something like, Hey, any of you want to rob my house while Im gone, then feeling free to, as Ill be gone for a whole week. You get the picture? Hence, you should never leave your schedule on Facebook, nor your full name and address, as thats just asking for trouble.Then again, as I said before, you can always set your Facebook account to private to avoid the issue entirely but if you like having a public profile for networking your business or hubs, then it might be best not to disclose your schedule on Facebook.However, since I know many people use Facebook to promote their charity events and/or indie bands, and may need to put up schedules to organize their events. Or in the fact of indie bands, theyll probably want to give their fans places where to catch some of t heir concerts, which is understandable. The only advice I can give you if thats the case, then just dont put down your home address or full name. This way, you can still give your fans and audience what they want and need to see you, without compromising your safety or valuables.http//s1.hubimg.com/u/3842160_f520.jpghttp//s4.hubimg.com/u/3842163_f520.jpghttp//s3.hubimg.com/u/3842198_f520.jpghttp//s4.hubimg.com/u/3914415_f520.jpgDont Say Or Post Anything That Could Be Used Against You On FacebookHave you ever read the funny posts people put up on their Facebook pages? You know the ones that say things like, Im calling in dour because I just dont feel like it, so Im going to go smoke some pot, or something like, I hate my freaking job, and my boss is damn moron that I wish he would drop dead. You know the ones Im talking about, right? Well, regardless of how you feel about your job, the reality is we all work out of necessity or most of us anyway.Therefore, you should never say or po st anything on Facebook that could inculpate you in anyway. As employers often use Facebook to determine which employees to fire and who to hire. Yes, employers do use Facebook to check up on their employees, according to various online reports on yahoo. interchangeable there was one report of a woman getting canned from a restaurant just for complaining about customers, and another one about how an emergency dispatcher was fired for posting drug use on Facebook. Click on here if you want to read more about it.Sure, I know theres probably a lot of people who called in sick in the past that werent really sick (you know who you are), but they called in ascribable to an emergency or they were just fatigued. Thats understandable. However, if your employer reads that, then it could constitute grounds for you to get fired or get into serious trouble. Its essentially the equivalent if you called in sick to see a movie with your boyfriend/girlfriend, and your boss saw you that same day y ou called in. What do you think would happen if he caught you? Well its basically the same thing if you post it online publicly.Of course like the last topic, you could always set your profile to private and avoid this issue. This way if you do put some posts kindred to the ones I just gave you, then nobody will see it except for your friends and your boss will never have to know. Unless, theyre already on your friends list, then your probably screwed if you do. However, if theyre not, theres nothing obligating you to add them. If they send you a friend request, you can always decline it, and legally they cant hold it against you at all. After all, your free to add anyone you like on Facebook as your friend, and theres nothing in a job description that requires you to be friends with your employer online. If your employer asks why, you can always say because you like to keep your relationships at work professional.You may not like your job and hate your boss but unless you have a p rivate profile on Facebook, then its best to keep your mouth shut online about that. After all, you wouldnt want to give your boss any leverage to use to fire you if your not already in hot water with him/her as it is. Secondly, if your involved in illegal activities like illegal use of drugs, illegal immigration or whatever (NOT THAT I pardon SUCH ACTIONS, AS I DONT SUPPORT ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES), then the worst thing you can do is post it on Facebook. Not only can your boss legally fire you for posting that online, but he can also report you to the local authorities over it.However, if you like to use Facebook for a lot of online networking for your hubs, indie bands, or sites that you put up, then just be mindful of what you say. AND, make sure your friends dont post anything that could be incriminating both. As anything they post like, Hey, your right, your boss is a douche and thanks for calling in sick so we could go pick up some girls/guys, can AND will be used against you if your employer reads it. Hence, make sure your friends understand this as well if you have a public profile not to post anything you dont want to be used against you. After all, anything you say about your boss or company that you work for can and will be used against you by your employer. Dont think because its Facebook and that your talking to your friends on there, that your entitled to say what you want. Besides, if your profile is public, everyone can see everything you type too along with your friends. Therefore, you need to be very careful about what you post on your public profile and if you must talk to one of your Facebook friends, then its often best to do so using the instant messenger Facebook provides. Normally, on the prat right corner of your Facebook screen, after youve logged in, you can click on the chat icon. Once you click it, itll show you which of your friends are online, then you can click on the name of your friend that you wish to talk to. Once you do that, everything you and this friend say to each other will not show up on Facebook, and youll be able to talk privately.http//s2.hubimg.com/u/3842181_f520.jpghttp//s3.hubimg.com/u/3842182_f520.jpgHackersDo I really need to elaborate on this? Look, its no secret that we all stuff our passwords to various sites. It happens. However, you should never leave like a clue on your profile that any hacker could figure out. Again, if you choose to have a public profile (as private ones wont have this issue), then no matter how clever you think your little password hint is, its never a good idea to have it on your public profile. Even if you dont even say its part of your password, and your password is some answer to a riddle you put up on your profile. Chances are, a hacker will try to figure it out. Leaving a password clue on your profile, no matter how cleverly hidden, will still give a hacker ample room to try to hack into your account. Once they do, we could be looking at not only the issue of your account getting hacked, but its a good way to have your identity stolen online. Therefore, if you must have a password hint written somewhere, then write it on a piece of paper and put it somewhere safe. Or you can do what I do, just make it an easy to remember password that only YOU would know or even remember that you use frequently.http//s1.hubimg.com/u/3842216_f520.jpgFinal ThoughtsLook, I hope this hub doesnt discourage folks from using Facebook, as it can a be wonderful site. Seriously, its not only a great way to make new friends, but its also a great place to keep in touch with old ones. Heck, you can even use it to build up your social networking to promote your business or hubs on there.However, it also has its flaws and can potentially hurt you if your not careful. Thats why you should never post anything too personal on Facebook that could potentially get you hurt either financially or physically. Sure, we may all hate bosses sometimes, but you should never publi cly say anything on a website where it could cost you your job. Or anything that could lead a predator to find you and your child. Trust me, Facebook is an easy tool that can be used against you if your not careful with it. Its like Uncle Ben said when Spider-Man made his debut in Marvel ComicsWith great power, comes great responsibility.

Information Communication And Knowledge Of An Organization Information Technology Essay

entropy Communication And Knowledge Of An Organization Information Technology EssayCoca-cola Company is the pieces largest deglutition friendship which leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrate and syrups. It is distributed over 200 countries. It owns more than 400 brands in the world including the main brands like dieting coke,fanta and sprite etc.coca-cola is the most popular and the largest selling soft drink in history as well as in the world.Today there argon many competitive in the beverage field. Therefore each company should be more attractive than their competitive companies. Information,Communication and Knowledge help the company to turn over its strategic goal. Amoung them Information and Knowledge help in last-making and taking effectively. harmonize to the coca-cola system they consider as their customers,grocery stores,restaurants and mass merchandisers.So that it is very key to do the ideas of consumers and their com plaints about the product. As a beverage company Coca-cola company motives to know what customers ideas about the taste of their products.For that it has to be collect data fro m the customers and summons them into discipline. Even though culture collected there is no engage if they do not distribute for use in arrangements activities. Communication is the carry throughes which distribute entropy.It bottom of the inning be done in many ways.The roles of Information, Communication and Knowledge in Decision making.The role of InformationInformation is a unchewable resource and a large expense for many organizations. Information be intimatement is the process of hoard information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences.This maintains the data of an organization. The information system of an organization is essential for the day-to-day activities in an organization. The activities of organizations be mainly coordinated by information and communicating. Information is say to be processed data. selective information after part be outlined as the complete range of raw facts and measurementsFor examples letters,numbers,symbols,sounds and/or images relating to the events in the organization or its environment.Data is collected and then processed into information.Therefore information can be defined as processed organized or arranged data which is meaningful to the individual.Data itself has no meaning so it is not useful in decision making. plainly informations are useful in decision making. Information is necessary to convert the resources of an organization such(prenominal) as-people,materials, machines and money for use in the organizations activities.Organization needs information for many purposes. They can be categorized as followsPlanningRecordingControlling stepDecision makingPlanning-In this step information help to get an idea about the available resources,present market and competitors of a n organization.Recording-The information which use in get downing helps to manage the communication channel properly because using recording historical details can be found easily.Controlling-Once a plan is implemented its actual performance essential be controlled. Therefore information requires checking whether activities are proceeding as planned or whether there is unexpected deviation from plan.Measuring-In this step information can be use to measure performances of business.This can be analyzed by collecting information on costs,revenues,volume,time scales and profitability.Decision-making-Information is very much important to make decisions within an organization. soundly information should have following qualitiesIt should relevance to a exploiters needs.It should be accurate.The information should be readily available within the time period.It should inspire the users confidence.It should communicate to the user clearlyIt should have effective cost.The role of Communica tionWhen data is processed the information is communicated immediately to the person who wishes to use it but if it is kept for later use then it must be stored and retrieved when required.So communication is a essential component in organization because it shows how information is sent and received within organizations.The way of transferring information is depending on the structure of the business.Like entre own(prenominal),pyramid,matrix and independent. In simple bounds communication can be identified as the process of transferring or exchanging of information,ideas,beliefs and opinions amidst two or more parties. Therefore communication process helps to coordinate tasks and activities of the organization.In other words communication helps to coordinate tasks and activities in an organization to pass its objective or objectives.Therefore effective communication is an essential component of an organisational success whether it is at the interpersonal,inter-group, intra-group, organizational or external trains.The communication performs an important role in facilitating decision-making.It provides the information that individuals and groups need to make decisions by transmitting the data to identify and evaluate alternative choices, from sources to decision makers.The role of KnowledgeKnowledge is full utilization of information and data.It is likewise related with persons skills and experience.Knowledge is the information within peoples minds and it is a subset of information which has been extracted,filtered or formatted in a very special way. Knowledge management describes the process of collecting,storing and using the companionship held within an organization.The companionship is based on the meaningfully organized accumulation of information through experience communication or inference. Knowledge is very important in gaining competitive advantage for a business therefore organizations need to manage it as both object and process.Knowledge is th e power source of an organization because intimacy can increase productivity and effecientcy of an organization.The goal of knowledge management is to change the organizations ability to fulfill its core process more efficiently because knowledge can result in better decisions.Therefore knowledge of an organizationIncrease productivityLower costs of doing businessHigher quality products,decisions and recommendationsInformation AND KNOWLEDGE NEED INTERNALLY and externally to improve Decision making and taking.What is Decision-making?Decision-making can be defined as a process which selecting the dress hat shape of action from among several courses of actions.This may be a solution for a particular problem or a making a choice to achieve a specified state of affairs. deep down an organization decision is the point at which plans,policies and objectives are translated into concrete actions.Therefore the purpose of decision-making is to direct human behaviour towards a proximo goal .Decisions can be classified as structured and unstructured.The structured decisions are repetitive routine. They are programmed decisions. Unstructured decisions are non routine and if decision maker provides savvy it is called non-programmed decisions because it does not provide clear cut solution.Decision- making processDifferent people use different approaches in making decision.Diferent scholars have presented different series of steps of a decision-making process.Whatever stages are elaborated, the decision-making process should have four stages as1. Identification2. Development3. Selection4. ImplementationIdentifying the problem and collecting Information are important in the identification stage, while developing and evaluating alternative solutions are discussed under the second stage, development.Selecting the best course of action amoung the alternative solutions under ordinal stage and put decision into effect and provide report on the progress of solution in the fina l stage in decision-making.According to the decision-making process collecting information is very important.Decision-making comprises the whole process that involves decision makers upto the point at which the issue is decided.Decision-taking is the function or application of the responsible authority as in the case of a manager deciding on a course of action.Recognize the need for a decisionDefine the problemIdentification watch data relevant to the problemAnalyse the data and find the root cause of the problemDevelop criteria for satisfactory solutionDevelopmentGenerate Alternativesvalue AlternativeSelectionSelect an AlternativeGet the authority and implement the chosen alternativeImplementationMonitor the feedbackSteps in the decision-makingImportance of Decision-makingWithin an organization, different types of decision are taken at different levels.Generally the decisions which are taken by senior management will be affected the business as a whole, and decisions that affect o nly one aspect of the business will be taken by lower levels of management. David Jennings and Stuart Wattam stated decision-making as an activity that lies at the heart of management.This shows how important is decision-making to an organization. All the actions made by the organization are result of decisions made by the organization itself.Problems of an organization arises because of the limited resources.But to make the organization effective it has to use the available resources.Thus they need to improve their decision-making.On the other hand the competition faced by organizations is increasing day by day. The survival of an organization will totally depend on the quality of decisions they make all day.Organization is a sub system of a social system.Therefore organizations can not work independently because several other systems are interrelated to the organization.In the case of coca-cola company decisions which make at any managerial level is very important because it can be either increase or decease in the number of customers.The future of this type of companies totally depends on the their consumers.Therefore every decision has to be taken by thinking about the consumers.Strategies to improve Decision-making and taking by using Information and Knowledge internally and externally.Managers can improve decision-making by using information and knowledge internally and externally.Internal information is important for all management levels in their decision-making and taking in the organization.But this relate to activities or proceedings performed within the organization, such as administrative tasks, the production of products and services or the sales of products. To improve internal information manager canEstablish a system for collecting data or measuring data such as measuring output,sales and costRelying to some extent on the informal communication lines between employees.In an organization to improve the knowledge managers can improve the perso nal skills of the employees.They can organize seminars to improve the knowledge of the knowledge of employees.External information is the information that obtained from outside the business.It can be either official or unofficial sources.Normally these information concern about official areas (tax,regulations etc.), the economy,suppliers and customers.In an organization external information are very useful. It helps in effective decision-making because in decision-making it is very important to know customers ideas,complaints and choices.The information of official areas provide the current situation of the business world in political view.Therefore by collecting information and knowledge of the outsiders the organization can achieve their goal effectively and efficiently.STRATEGIES TO increase personal networking to widen occasion in the decision-making process.What is networking?Networking of a business is the process of establishing a reciprocally beneficial relationship between personnel including customers, stakeholders and experts.The purpose of networking is to increase business revenue by development of relationships that generate information, referrals, advice, support, energy and much more.The best business networking give rise to exchange business information,idea resources and is the most important skill to establishing a mutually beneficial relationships.For effective and strong networking it requires people toEffectively communicateBe prepared and willing to share informationListening to the othersHave level-headed feeling with othersExhibit curiosityAsking questions to show that they are interested in the subjectIdentifying people in jobs that can talk to and make enquiries ofSources of personal networking individualized networking includes both formal and informal network members.Personal networks can guide the self determined person.This is very important in decision-making.Personal networking helps to improve the productivity.As well as pe rsonal networking it is very important to keep in touch with any group or key individuals who can affect the work or the objectives of the organization.Stakeholder networking help to confine in touch with developments in area of workGet information which will help in the workInfluence individual decision-makersStakeholders can be internal ( all levels of managers and co-workers) or external(regulators, environmental and legal entities).Therefore stakeholders are clients, project managers and teams, contractors and sub-contractors, distributors and suppliers and everyone else with a stake in an outcome stakeholder networking is a key to business success.According to the stakeholder contacts it can be dividing into two typesi) Primary stakeholders- They are directly linked to the organization such as shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers.ii) Secondary stakeholders-They are indirectly linked to the organization such as the media, regulators and competitors.Good relationships with stakeholders can increase the stability of an organization. For example if it has good relationship between suppliers and organization they show optimal responsiveness to company needs. This is not easy to do. It needs time for people to know one another, build trust and deal with organizational issuesStrategies to increase personal networking1).Forming business relationshipsEstablishing good relationships with stakeholders help individuals to go through to find and develop lasting interpersonal relationships. The relationships with stakeholders can improve byAttending the take ining or events of other organizations occasion e-mail and the internet to network with national or international organizationsAttending political and community events where key organizations and decision-makers will be presentAttending conferences, seminars and reference meetingsThe relationships with customers are very useful in decision-making because managers have to increase customer satisfactio n and minimize their problems. For that they have to build good and smarter relationships with customers to identify their preferences and to develop trust. In this case complaints, errors and proposals of customer are very important. So they must be recorded. There should be any medium available to contact the customers such as Internet, through a call center or personal contact. Therefore in an organization the decision which making by the ideas of customers are more powerful in achieving their goals. Not only the customers relationships supplier relationships also very important.2).Networking direct or using media as an intermediateBased on the relationship of trust someone can be use as a referral in the process of networking. It is the most fundamental act in networking. Professional networking groups are the best referrals. They meet at regular times at a specific place and take decisions.3). Formal and informal networking4).Networking through trustworthy relationships and con fidentialityEvery individuals in an organization link together through trust and relationships. Therefore networking through trust and confidentiality is very important.Development of a communication process to improve the decision-making and organizational knowledgeProcess of communicationCommunication can be thought of as a process or a flow.Noise/barriersReceiver decryptChannelEncodingSourceMessage Message Message MessageFeedbackCommunication flows from one person or group to another and then, via feedback to the original person a group making a closed loop or cycle. Elements of the communication process arei. Communication source/sender- The person who has capacity to communicate.ii. Message- The meat can be identified as what is communicated. It is the subject matter of the communication.iii. Encoding-Encoding is converting a communication message to a symbiotic form.iv. Channel-The channel can be defined as the medium through which a communication message travels. Examples T elephone, Letters, Radio etc.v. Decoding-Decoding is translation of the symbols in message into form that can be silent by the receiver.vi. Receiver- The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed by the communication source/sender.vii. Feedback-Feedback is the check on how successfully the communication source/sender has been transferring his/her message as originally intended. It is necessary to ensure that the receiver has received the message and understood it in the same sense as communication source/sender wants.viii. Noise/Barriers-Noise is external distances in the communication process.It is very important to note about noise. The result of this noise is that the message received is not the message communicable by the communication source/sender.The types of communication processes areMeetings and conferencesWorkshop and training eventsInternet and e-mailWrittenTelephone goggle box conferenceCommunication process of coca-cola companyThey use ICT (Information a nd Communication Technology) to communicate both internally and externally.ICT has enabled 24 hours- 7 days global communication. This includes communication withEmployees-They use Facsimile (facsimile machine) as the bastard to contact the employees because most employees have fax machines I their office.Management-The pagers and Fax-machines help them to contact.Customer-Coca-cola company use only e-mail to communicate customers. They could send different product or new sales etc.Distributors of Coca-cola- They use video conference for the communicationThe existing processes of communication in Coca-Cola Company areInternet and E-mailVideo conferencingFacsimile(fax)Internal ICT communication in Coca-Cola CompanyE-mail-This is very fast way to send information and it save lot of time both sender and receiver. The round of the Coca-Cola Company has their own program which is installed in their computers to tell them once they have received e-mail. Using email message can be sent t o quadruple recipients easily and can be forwarded on to others.Fax- This allows people to have copies of document they may require and sent the message. Enables messages to reach remote locations quickly but involved images in he faxes are not clear.Pagers-This allows people to received information whenever they are and whenever they need but long messages cannot be sent through this. mainly executives use pagers in business.Video conferencing-This cannot use by all companies. Through this people from different countries allow to talk one another and listen to what is universe said. This type of communication is very effective in the communication because it allows transmitting pictures as well as voices.External ICT communication in Coca-Cola CompanyFax use to contact the external suppliers and suppliers are the only people who do fax them externally. This type of communication process saves money and the time.Improvement to ensure great integration of communicationThey can u se conversation also as a tool.This is unstructed and a discuss a wide range of topics. In decision making meeting are very effective communication tool. Coca-cola Company is world wide company .here only top level managers and directors can meet and take decisions. This allows expressing multiple opinions and they can be discussed and resolved wide range of issues. This type of communication tools can be used in long term decision-making and taking but for instant decision making they can use telephone. This is good way of communication that does not required a written record and conference alls allow multiple participants.Workshops and training events can be used to improve employee Knowledge. Through that they can improve organizational knowledge. Those types of methods can be used country vice.Personal-Interpersonal skills should be improved.Interpersonal skills involve inspiring,motivating,leading and controlling people to achieve objective/objectives. Interpersonal skills can be defined as skills use in interactions and relationships between two or more people. Good interpersonal skills can assist in Motivation,Communication,Team working and Team building and customer care.The role of Knowledge anxiety (KM) plays in managing organization strategicallyAs indicated in the role of knowledge , Knowledge Management describes the process of collecting,storing and using the knowledge held within an organization.It is basically focusing on organizational objectives such as performance,competitive advantage and continues improvement of the organization through the improvement and sharing of organizational knowledge management throughout the organization.Therefore knowledge management is not a technology pr computer thing and it depends on the human skills.Knowledge management use to identify,create,represent and distribute insights and experiences in an organization. These are help in managing organization strategically.

Violent Video Games Raise Aggression Essay -- Gaming

Throughout history man kind has always searched for ways to entertain himself, each clipping developing new activities and plot of lands. tv games behave bring into being a very popular way to spend time and have fun from the 1970s up to now. With new developments appeared different video game genres from adventure to racing, but the violent video games appear to be the most popular integritys (Shin, 2003), for example shooters, fighting and video games where you have to eliminate, destroy, or kill your enemies.Video games have become very influential on children and adults (Stafford, 1999). With violent video games humans are more prone to act aggressively, to have aggressive thoughts and become numb towards violence (Harding, 2009). Apart from these they are prone to develop antisocial behavior, depression and addiction. This means that future generations will be more violent and less(prenominal) sensible towards violence. Is this type of entertainment really worth a more vio lent world and future?B.The IT background of the issueBack in time input devices for video games were analog this means that data was very short ranged and limited like for example movements in the x-axis only, like in Pong. This is one of the reasons why before there were very few and not that violent video games such as Space Invader. But as engineering science developed so did the video game industry (Reynolds, 2004) and input devices became each time more complex. With more option in the input devices people disregard do more actions in the video games like for example combo moves or kill enemies in many other different ways (Stafford, 1999). other development that has caused the appearance of violent video games is the increase in quality of the output. Before, the only VDUs were C... ...1/2008. CNN. 24/05/2010 Insert Coin Part 5-Violence in Video risques. Brent Stafford. Internet. Youtube, 02/11/2006Shaky egg. Brent Stafford. 2004. Shaky Egg Communications Inc. 24/05/2010 Red3d. Craig Reynolds. 22/07/2007. None. 24/05/2010 About.com. Jennifer Rosenberg. 2003. The New York Times Company. 24/05/2010 Gamezero. Salamander. 08-09/1992. Game Zero Magazine. 24/05/2010 Tgorski. Terence Gorski. Unknown. GORSKI-CENAPS Team. 24/05/2010

Transcendentalism And A Belief In A higher Power :: essays research papers

Transcendentalism and A Belief In A " high Power"     We do not have good reasons to believe in something transcendental. Mostof the arguments in favor of God, or a so-called "higher power" are based onfaith and emotion, and not a clear logical argument. In fact, these argumentsare often in favor of throwing logic turn out the window. In many ways, this questionis similar to someone attempting to prove the existence of an invisible elephant.It is far easier to prove that the elephant does not exist than it is to provethat it does.     Socrates principle of mental test states that we must carefully shewall things. The tools we humans use to do this are logic and the scientificmethod. In order to believe in something transcendental, you cannot examine yourbeliefs using logic and science. If you do, there is no way to prove theexistence of a higher power.     The primary argument against the existence of a Judeo-Christian all-knowing, all-powerful, blameless God is the argument from evil. This argumentargues against the presence of a higher power using facts of ordinary life. Thisargument states that most would agree that some of the pain and worthless (evil)in this world is unnecessary. To be considered a necessary evil, the occurrencemust be the only way to produce something good, which outweighs the evil. Manyevents, such as sister deaths, would not be classified in this category.     If such an all-knowing deity existed, it states, He would know thatthis evil was occurring. If He was all-powerful, He would have the power to unwrapthis evil. If He was righteous, He would stop the evil from occurringTherefore, the existence of evil cannot be compatible with the existence of thistype of God.     The primary response to the argument from evil is the pull to humanfreedom. This argument states that God sees evil as necessary so that we humans may be free to choose our own path. The fatal imperfection in this argument is thatthere are evils that exist not as a direct result of human choice. Natural evilssuch as floods, earthquakes, and tornadoes assist no purpose according to thisdefinition, and are therefore unnecessary evils.     A theist might respond to this with another weak rebuttal, stating thatevery evil produces kindness and understanding in others, and creates good inthat regard. This is an overly positive, almost delusional view of evil. Almosteveryone will be able to come up with at least one example of someone who hassuffered an evil that has not directly or indirectly led to anything good.